1265

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[edit] Events

[edit] Europe

[edit] War and politics

• January 20 - In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (De Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the Houses of Parliament.
• May 28: Future King Edward I of England escapes captivity in the hands of Simon de Montfort.
• August 4 - The Battle of Evesham of the Second Barons' War is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort and killing de Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.
• King Alfonso X of Castile captures the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
• The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.
• Mongol raid against Thrace, led by Nogai Khan.
• In the first major battle in five years since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River after Mongke Khan's failed invasion in 1259, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.

[edit] Culture

• The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.
• The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic); Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.
• Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope and later for papal bulls.
• February 5 - Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV as the 183rd pope.

[edit] Africa and Asia

• The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.
• Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.
• Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.

[edit] Births

• May 10 - Emperor Fushimi of Japan (died 1317)
• c. June 1 - Dante (died 1321)
• King Alfonso III of Aragon

[edit] Deaths

• January 20 - John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England
• February 8 - Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1217)
• April 25 - Roger de Quincy, English politician (born 1195)
• August 4 - Killed in the Battle Of Evesham:
  • Hugh le Despencer (b. 1223)
  • Henry de Montfort (born 1238)
  • Peter de Montfort
  • Simon de Montfort (born 1208)
• December 3 - Odofredus, Italian jurist
• Al-Abhari, Persian philosopher and mathematician (born 1200)

A map of the Byzantine Empire and surrounding lands in 1265.