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Germany

Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Motto"Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
"Unity and justice and freedom"
AnthemDas Lied der Deutschen (third stanza)
also called Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit
Capital
(and largest city)
Berlin
52°31′N 13°24′E / 52.517, 13.4
52.516666666667 13.4
Official language(s) German1
Government Parliamentary Federal Republic
 -  President Horst Köhler
 -  Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU)
Formation 843 
 -  Eastern Francia 843 
 -  Holy Roman Empire 962 
 -  German Confederation 8 June 1815 
 -  German Empire 18 January 1871 
 -  Federal Republic 23 May 1949 
 -  Reunification 3 October 1990 
EU accession 25 March 1957
 -  Water (%) 2.416
Population
 -  Dec. 2006 estimate 82,314,900[1] (14th)
 -  2000 census 82,797,408 (July 2000 est.) 
GDP (PPP) 2006 estimate
 -  Total $2.585 trillion (5th)
 -  Per capita $31,400 (17th)
GDP (nominal) 2006 estimate
 -  Total $2.89 trillion (3rd)
 -  Per capita $35,072 (19th)
Gini (2000) 28.3 (low
HDI (2004) increase 0.932 (high) (21st)
Currency Euro () (EUR)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 -  Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD .de
Calling code 49
1 Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany and Frisian are officially recognized and protected by the ECRML.

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in West-central Europe. It is bordered on the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; on the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; on the south by Austria and Switzerland; and on the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

Germany is a parliamentary federal republic of sixteen states (Bundesländer). The capital city and seat of government is Berlin. As a nation-state, the country was unified amidst the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. After its defeat in World War II Germany was divided, and it became reunified in 1990. It is a founding member of the European Union, and with over 82 million people it has the largest population among the EU member states.[2]

Contents

HistoryEdit



Administrative divisionsEdit

Germany is divided into sixteen states (Länder, singular Land; commonly Bundesländer, singular Bundesland). It is further subdivided into 439 districts (Kreise, singular Kreis) and cities (kreisfreie Städte) (2004).

State Capital Area Population </tr>
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 km²10,717,000
Bavaria (Bayern) Munich 70,549 km²12,444,000
Berlin Berlin 892 km²3,400,000
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 km²2,568,000
Bremen Bremen 404 km²663,000
Hamburg Hamburg 755 km²1,735,000
Hesse (Hessen) Wiesbaden 21,115 km²6,098,000
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 km²1,720,000
Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen) Hanover 47,618 km²8,001,000
North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) Düsseldorf 34,043 km²18,075,000
Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) Mainz 19,847 km²4,061,000
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 km²1,056,000
Saxony (Sachsen) Dresden 18,416 km²4,296,000
Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt) Magdeburg 20,445 km²2,494,000
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,763 km²2,829,000
Thuringia (Thüringen) Erfurt 16,172 km²2,355,000
Schleswig-HolsteinBaden-WürttembergBavariaBerlinBrandenburgBremenHamburgHesseMecklenburg-VorpommernLower SaxonyLower SaxonyNorth Rhine-WestphaliaRhineland-PalatinateSaarlandSaxonySaxony-AnhaltThuringia
About this image
States and cities in Germany.
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GeographyEdit

Altitude levels
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Germany has the second largest population in Europe (after European Russia) and is seventh largest in area. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 square kilometres (137,850 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 square kilometres (134,835 sq mi) of land and 7,798 square kilometres (3,010 sq mi) of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft)) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the north-west and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the north-east. Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low-lying lands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres (11.6 ft) below sea level), traversed by some of Europe's major rivers such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.[3] Because of its central location, Germany shares borders with more European countries than any other country on the continent. Its neighbours are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the east, Austria and Switzerland in the south, France and Luxembourg in the south-west and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north-west.

Alpine scenery in southern Bavaria.
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DemographicsEdit

Berlin is Germany's capital and largest city with a population of 3.4 million people
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With over 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union. However, its fertility rate of 1.39 children per mother is one of the lowest in the world,[3] and the federal statistics office estimates the population will shrink to between 69 and 74 million by 2050 (69 million assuming a net migration of +100,000 per year; 74 million assuming a net migration of +200,000 per year).[4] Chemnitz is thought to be the city with the lowest birth rate in the world.[5] Germany has a number of larger cities, the most populous being Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt and Stuttgart. By far the largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region, including Düsseldorf (the capital of NRW) and the cities of Cologne, Essen, Dortmund, Duisburg, and Bochum.


ReligionEdit

Protestants (concentrated in the north and east) and Roman Catholics (concentrated in the south and west) each comprise about 31% of the population. The current Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Bavaria.

CultureEdit

Immanuel Kant
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Germany is often called Das Land der Dichter und Denker (the land of poets and thinkers).[6] German culture began long before the rise of Germany as a nation-state and spanned the entire German-speaking world. From its roots, culture in Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. As a result, it is difficult to identify a specific German tradition separated from the larger context of European high culture.[7]

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Various German authors and poets have won great renown, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularized German folklore on the international level. Influential authors of the 20th century include Thomas Mann, Berthold Brecht, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, and Günter Grass.[8]

Ludwig van Beethoven
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Germany's influence on philosophy is historically significant and many notable German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy since the Middle Ages. Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism, Immanuel Kant's, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling's and Johann Gottlieb Fichte's establishment of the classical German idealism, Karl Marx's and Friedrich Engels' formulation of Communist theory, Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism, Friedrich Nietzsche's development of Perspectivism, Martin Heidegger's works on Being, and the social theories of Jürgen Habermas were especially influential.

Germany claims some of the world's most renowned classical music composers, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Richard Wagner.

Inside the Berlinale Palast during the Berlin Film Festival in February
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Numerous German painters have enjoyed international prestige through their work in diverse artistic currents. Matthias Grünewald and Albrecht Dürer were important artists of the Renaissance, Caspar David Friedrich of Romanticism, and Max Ernst of Surrealism. Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were important precursors of Romanesque. The region later became the site for significant works in styles such as Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. Germany was particularly important in the early modern movement, especially through the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, also from Germany, became one of world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century. The glass facade skyscraper was his idea.[9]

German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film.[10] From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films.[11] More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to the German production The Tin Drum in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa in 2002, and to The Lives of Others in 2007.[12] The Berlin Film Festival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals.[13]

ScienceEdit

Max Planck presenting Albert Einstein with the Max-Planck medal in 1929
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Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific fields.[14] The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further.[15] They were preceded by physicists such as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.[16] Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[17] Through his construction of the first laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt is credited with the establishment of psychology as an independent empirical science.[18] Alexander von Humboldt's work as a natural scientist and explorer was foundational to biogeography.[19]

Numerous significant mathematicians were born in Germany, including Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass and Hermann Weyl. Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with the invention of movable type printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer.[20] German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology.[21][22]


Born in GermanyEdit

Birth year Father Mother
Wilhelm Schmitz (1769-1837)
George I of Great Britain (1660-1727) 16601,660 Ernst August von Braunschweig-Calenberg (1629-1698) Sophie von der Pfalz (1630-1714)
Robert I of France (866-923) 866866 Robert IV the Strong (820-866) Adelaide of Tours (820-866)
Susanna Adams (1781-1837) 17811,781 Petri Adams (-) Maria Catharina Hoss (-)
Heinrich Ahrens (c1815-1891) 18141,814
Georg Andreas Apel (c1784-1863) 17841,784
John Frederick Augustine (1886-1970) 18861,886 Jacob Augustin Susanna Mang
Anna Barbara Bach (1872-?) 18721,872 Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) Elizabethe Margarethe Schauer (1839-1917)
Anna Barbara Bach (1833-1918) 18331,833 Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) Anna Maria Schmidt (1796-1877)
Anna Magdalena Bach (1797-?) 17971,797 Johann Georg Bach (1756-1823) Maria Magdalena Eschenbach (1759-1844)
Elisabethe Margarete Bach (1875-?) 18751,875 Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) Elizabethe Margarethe Schauer (1839-1917)
Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) 18361,836 Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) Anna Maria Schmidt (1796-1877)
Johann Georg Bach (1871-?) 18711,871 Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) Elizabethe Margarethe Schauer (1839-1917)
Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) 17941,794 Johann Georg Bach (1756-1823) Maria Magdalena Eschenbach (1759-1844)
Johann Simon Bach (1869-1953) 18691,869 Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) Elizabethe Margarethe Schauer (1839-1917)
Kunigunde Barbara Bach (1832-1915) 18321,832 Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) Anna Maria Schmidt (1796-1877)
Maria Barbara Bach (1877-aft1911) 18771,877 Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) Elizabethe Margarethe Schauer (1839-1917)
Anna Bachmayer (1914-2002) 19141,914
Christian Martin Bade (1846-1917) 18461,846
Christian Badior (c1824-1888) 18241,824
Maria Barbara Beck (c1722-1771) 17221,722 Michael Beck (c1692-?)
Henry Behle (1842-1898) 18421,842
Minnie Behle (1866-1929) 18661,866 Henry Behle (1842-1898) Dora Eisenberg (1843-1881)
Charles Peter Behre (1872-1926) 18721,872 George Ludwig Frederick Behre (1844-aft1900) Regina Tillman ( -aft1872)
George Ludwig Frederick Behre (1844-aft1900) 18441,844
Andreas Bentze (1687-1730) 16871,687 Unknown Bentz (c1637-1691) Marie Koerner (-1729)
Gedalja Chaim Bernheimer (1788-1856) 17881,788 Jakob Simon Bernheimer (1756-1790) Lea Hajm (1753-1833)
Jakob Simon Bernheimer (1756-1790) 17561,756
Jette Bernheimer (1825-1886) 18251,825 Gedalja Chaim Bernheimer (1788-1856) Elcha Weil (1789-1872)
Anne Mette Blanck (1768-1845) 17681,768
Johann Bolda (1829-) 18291,829
Joseph Bolda (1864-1937) 18641,864 Johann Bolda (1829-) Marie Unknown (1844-)
Claus Bostelmann (1735-1803) 17351,735
Marie Elisabeth Bostelmann (1758-1762) 17581,758 Claus Bostelmann (1735-1803) Marie Bremer (1730-bef1759)
Bernard Brecht (1795-1863) 17951,795 Johann Stephanus Brecht (1768-1794) Catharina Bauer (-)
Christina Brecht (1605-1675) 16051,605 Kuntz Conrad Brecht (1563-1612) Catharine Of Neudorf (c1569-aft1605)
Christoph Stoffel Brecht (1591-1665) 15911,591 Kuntz Conrad Brecht (1563-1612) Catharine Of Neudorf (-)
Hans Peter Brecht (1637-1698) 16371,637 Sebastian Brecht (1600-1670) Elizabeth Maiden (c1605-1654)
Reinhart Brecht (1827-1912) 18271,827 Bernard Brecht (1795-1863) Katherine Horeweddel (1807-)
Sebastian Brecht (1600-1670) 16001,600 Kuntz Conrad Brecht (1563-1612) Catharine Of Neudorf (c1569-aft1605)
Valerian Brecht (1834-1834) 18341,834 Bernard Brecht (1795-1863) Katherine Harwidel (1799-1867)
Valerian Brecht (1844-1897) 18441,844 Bernard Brecht (1795-1863) Katherine Horeweddel (1801-)
Vincent Brecht (1825-1899) 18251,825 Bernard Brecht (1795-1863) Katherine Horeweddel (1807-)
Charles Karl Breitenbuecher (1843-1913) 18431,843
Johann Georg Breiter (?-1910) Unknown Breiter (?-?) Kunigunde Barbara Bach (1832-1915)
Julius-Beno Brem (2011) 20112,011 Peter Brem (1975) Naica Linne (1972)
Anna Bremer (1726-) 17261,726 Stoffer Bremer (1665-1737) Anna Muller (1692-1750)
Christoffer Bremer (1756-1834) 17561,756 Lunbarg Bremer (1718-1786) Anna Stelling (1728-1777)
Claus Bremer (1750-1811) 17501,750 Lunbarg Bremer (1718-1786) Maria Cordes (1722-1751)
Claus Bremer (1791-1865) 17911,791 Christoffer Bremer (1756-1834) Anne Mette Blanck (1768-1845)
… further results


Died in GermanyEdit

Death year Father Mother
Wilhelm Schmitz (1769-1837) 18371,837
George I of Great Britain (1660-1727) 17271,727 Ernst August von Braunschweig-Calenberg (1629-1698) Sophie von der Pfalz (1630-1714)
Susanna Adams (1781-1837) 18371,837 Petri Adams (-) Maria Catharina Hoss (-)
Charles Arbuthnot (1737-1820) 18201,820 James Arbuthnot (?-1770) Margaret Gordon
Anna Barbara Bach (1833-1918) 19181,918 Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) Anna Maria Schmidt (1796-1877)
Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) 19031,903 Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) Anna Maria Schmidt (1796-1877)
Johann Konrad Bach (1794-1857) 18571,857 Johann Georg Bach (1756-1823) Maria Magdalena Eschenbach (1759-1844)
Johann Simon Bach (1869-1953) 19531,953 Johann Georg Bach (1836-1903) Elizabethe Margarethe Schauer (1839-1917)
Anna Bachmayer (1914-2002) 20022,002
Maria Barbara Beck (c1722-1771) 17711,771 Michael Beck (c1692-?)
Andreas Bentze (1687-1730) 17301,730 Unknown Bentz (c1637-1691) Marie Koerner (-1729)
Gedalja Chaim Bernheimer (1788-1856) 18561,856 Jakob Simon Bernheimer (1756-1790) Lea Hajm (1753-1833)
Jakob Simon Bernheimer (1756-1790) 18071,807
Anne Mette Blanck (1768-1845) 18451,845
Claus Bostelmann (1735-1803) 18031,803
Marie Elisabeth Bostelmann (1758-1762) 17621,762 Claus Bostelmann (1735-1803) Marie Bremer (1730-bef1759)
Christina Brecht (1605-1675) 16751,675 Kuntz Conrad Brecht (1563-1612) Catharine Of Neudorf (c1569-aft1605)
Christoph Stoffel Brecht (1591-1665) 16651,665 Kuntz Conrad Brecht (1563-1612) Catharine Of Neudorf (-)
Hans Peter Brecht (1637-1698) 16981,698 Sebastian Brecht (1600-1670) Elizabeth Maiden (c1605-1654)
Valerian Brecht (1834-1834) 18341,834 Bernard Brecht (1795-1863) Katherine Harwidel (1799-1867)
Christoffer Bremer (1756-1834) 18341,834 Lunbarg Bremer (1718-1786) Anna Stelling (1728-1777)
Claus Bremer (1750-1811) 18111,811 Lunbarg Bremer (1718-1786) Maria Cordes (1722-1751)
Claus Bremer (1791-1865) 18651,865 Christoffer Bremer (1756-1834) Anne Mette Blanck (1768-1845)
Claus Bremer (1750-1811) 18111,811 Lunbarg Bremer (1718-1786) Maria Cordes (1722-1751)
Gesche Bremer (1732-1809) 18091,809 Stoffer Bremer (1665-1737) Anna Muller (1692-1750)
Liesabeth Bremer (1723-1795) 17951,795 Stoffer Bremer (1665-1737) Anna Muller (1692-1750)
Lunbarg Bremer (1793-1838) 18381,838 Christoffer Bremer (1756-1834) Anne Mette Blanck (1768-1845)
Lunbarg Bremer (1718-1786) 17861,786 Stoffer Bremer (1665-1737) Hille Lisabeth Hincken (1680-1722)
Stoffer Bremer (1665-1737) 17371,737 Lunebarg Bremer (bef1650-)
A. Maria Brinkmann (1724-1777) 17771,777 Stephan Idendijke A. Catharina Klingenberg
Carsten Burfeind (1749-1752) 17521,752 Drewes Burfeind (1708-1760) Liesabeth Bremer (1723-1795)
Miguel of Portugal (1802-1866) 18661,866 John VI of Portugal (1767-1826) Carlota Joaquina de España (1775-1830)
Maria Cordes (1722-1751) 17511,751
Lucreţia Posmagiu (1909-2001) 20012,001 Dumitru Posmagiu (1865-1935) Ana Căţoiu (1875-1940)
Mariana Coşoreanu (1931-2010) 20102,010 Ion Coşoreanu (1903-1976) Lucreţia Posmagiu (1909-2001)
Abraham Einstein (1808-1868) 18681,868 Rupert Einstein (1759-1834) Rebekka Obernauer (1770-1853)
Naftali Einstein (1733-1801) 18011,801
Rupert Einstein (1759-1834) 18341,834 Naftali Einstein (1733-1801) Helene Steppach (1737-1790)
Josef Feller (1912-1993) 19931,993 Johann Feller (1887-1958) Gertraud Hofmann (1885-1958)
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) 18551,855 Gebhard Dietrich Gauss (1744-1808) Dorthea Benze (1743-1839)
William Edward Glatt (1920-1945) 19451,945 William Edward Glatt (1893-1967) Elizabeth Wilhemach (c1894-aft1930)
Sophie von Pommern (1468-1504) 15041,504 Erich II. von Pommern-Wolgast (1425-1474) Sophia von Pommern (c1435-1497)
Anna von Österreich (1528-1590) 15901,590 Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire (1503-1564) Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1547)
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527-1576) 15761,576 Ferdinand I of the Holy Roman Empire (1503-1564) Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1547)
Johann Andreas Heinz (1778-1859) 18591,859 Johann Peter Heinz (1751-1829) Margaretha Barbara Kuehnlein (1746-)
Johann Michael Heinz (1806-1859) 18591,859 Johann Andreas Heinz (1778-1859) Maria Margaretha Hettler (1781-1859)
Hille Lisabeth Hincken (1680-1722) 17221,722
Trine Alheid Hink (1742-1790) 17901,790
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) 19451,945 Aloys Schicklgruber (1837-1903) Klara Pölzl (1860-1907)
Luise von Preußen (1838-1923) 18881,888 Wilhelm I., Deutscher Kaiser (1797-1888) Augusta von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1811-1890)
… further results


See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Destatis. Current population. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
  2. ^ Germany Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. January 5, 2005. Retrieved 2006, 12-07.
  3. ^ a b Germany CIA Factbook. November 14, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 11-29.
  4. ^ (German) Destatis. Im Jahr 2050 doppelt so viele 60-Jährige wie Neugeborene. Retrieved on 2007-06-20.
  5. ^ German births decline to new low BBC. Aug. 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-07.
  6. ^ Wasser, Jeremy. Spätzle Westerns Spiegel Online International. Apr. 6, 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12-06.
  7. ^ Federal Republic of Germany: Culture. Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  8. ^ Kjell Espmark (1999-12-03). The Nobel Prize in Literature. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.
  9. ^ [2006] A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback), Second (in English), Oxford University Press, 880. ISBN 0198606788
  10. ^ Leni Riefenstahl, FILMBUG, Accessed April 13, 2007
  11. ^ Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Fassbinder Foundation, Accessed April 13, 2007
  12. ^ Awards:Das Leben der Anderen, IMDb, Accessed April 13, 2007
  13. ^ 2006 FIAPF accredited Festivals Directory, International Federation of Film Producers Associations, retrieved on December 11, 2006.
  14. ^ Back to the Future: Germany - A Country of Research German Academic Exchange Service (2005, 02-23). Retrieved 2006, 12-08.
  15. ^ Roberts, J. M. The New Penguin History of the World, Penguin History, 2002. Pg. 1014. ISBN 0141007230.
  16. ^ The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners, 1901–2003 History Channel from The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  17. ^ Historical figures in telecommunications. International Telecommunication Union. January 14, 2004. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  18. ^ Kim, Alan. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jun. 16, 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  19. ^ The Natural History Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt (1769 to 1859), Humboldt Field Research Institute and Eagle Hill Foundation. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  20. ^ Horst, Zuse. The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse Everyday Practical Electronics (EPE) Online. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  21. ^ Automobile. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.
  22. ^ The Zeppelin U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 2007, 01-02.

External linksEdit

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This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Germany. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
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