House of Stuart
Country	Scotland
Parent house	Clan Stuart
Titles	High Steward of Scotland, Earl of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, Earl of Moray, Marquess of Bute, King of Scots, King of England, King of Great Britain
Founder	Robert II of Scotland
Final ruler	Anne of Great Britain
Current head	None agnatically. The current Jacobite claimant is Franz, a member of the House of Wittelsbach. The cadet branches of Bute, Moray and Appin are headed by the Earl of Dumfries, the Earl of Moray and the 17th Chief of Appin respectively.
Founding year	1371
Dissolution	1714
Ethnicity	Scottish
Cadet branches	Stuarts of Appin</br> Stuarts of Bute</br> Stuarts of Moray</br> Stewart of Darnley </br>

The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Mary Queen of Scots adopted the French spelling Stuart while in France to ensure that the Scots Stewart was pronounced correctly. The name itself originates from the ancient hereditary Scottish title High Steward of Scotland.

The House of Stuart ruled the Kingdom of Scotland for 336 years, between 1371 and 1707. Queen Elizabeth I of England's closest heir was King James VI of Scotland via her grandfather King Henry VII of England, who was founder of the Tudor dynasty. At Elizabeth's death, James Stuart ascended the thrones of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland and inheriting English claims to the French throne. From 1603, the Stuarts styled themselves "Kings/Queens of Great Britain", though there was no parliamentary union until the reign of Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart. The Stuarts were followed by the House of Hanover, under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701. Members of various cadet and illegitimate branches still survive today.

Contents 1 History 2 Heads of the House of Stewart 2.1 Dapifers of Dol 2.2 High Stewards of Scotland 2.3 Kings of the Scots 2.4 Kings of Great Britain, France and Ireland 2.5 Jacobite Claimants 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 External links

HistoryEdit

The earliest known member of the House of Stewart was Flaald I (Flaald the Seneschal), an 11th century Breton follower of the Lord of Dol and Combourg. Flaald and his immediate descendants held the hereditary and honorary post of Dapifer (food bearer) in the Lord of Dol's household. His grandson Flaald II was a supporter of Henry I of England and made the crucial move from Brittany to Britain, which was where the future fortunes of the Stewarts lay (including an evolving, longstanding tradition of intermarriage with the (de) Ferrer noble family, originally from Normandy). Walter the Steward (died 1177), the grandson of Flaald II, was born in Oswestry (Shropshire). Along with his brother William, ancestor of the Fitzalan family (the Earls of Arundel), he supported Empress Matilda during the period known as the Anarchy. Matilda was aided by her uncle, David I of Scotland, and Walter followed David north in 1141, after Matilda had been usurped by King Stephen. Walter was granted land in Renfrewshire and the position of Lord High Steward. Malcolm IV made the position hereditary and it was inherited by Walter's son, who took the surname Stewart. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293-1326), married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn currying further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371.

In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart. In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, the daughter of James V. Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, a member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a direct descendant of Alexander Stewart, also descended from James II, being Mary's heir presumptive. Therefore Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and at the time of their marriage was himself second in line to the Scottish throne. Because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stewart. Because of the long French residence at Aubigny, held by Darnley's branch in the Auld Alliance, the surname was altered to Stuart. In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during the reign of Charles II, who had an illegitimate son by Louise de Kérouaille. This descent received the main Stuart appanages of Lennox and Aubigny, as well as the main Tudor appanage of Richmond.

French connections were notoriously unpopular and resulted in the downfall of the Stuarts, whose mutual enemies identified with the emergent Protestant nationalism and urban mercantilism as opposed to Catholic feudalism and rural manorialism. The Glorious Revolution caused the deposition of James II in favor of his son-in-law and his daughter, William and Mary. James continued to claim the thrones of England and Scotland, and encouraged revolts in his name, and his son Charles led an ultimately unsuccessful rising in 1745, becoming ironic symbols of conservative rebellion and Romanticism. Due to the identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Stuarts, Catholic Emancipation was not passed until Jacobitism (as represented by direct Stuart heirs) was extinguished. Despite the Whig intentions of tolerance to be extended to Irish subjects, this was not the preference of Georgian Tories and their failure at compromise played a subsequent role in the present division of Ireland.

Heads of the House of StewartEdit

Dapifers of DolEdit

• Flaithri I (died c.1080)
• Alan I (died ?)
• Alan II (died 1095)
• Flaithri II (died c.1101-1102)
• Alan III (died c.1121)

High Stewards of ScotlandEdit

• Walter the Steward (died 1177)
• Alan Stewart (died 1204)
• Walter Stewart (died 1246)
• Alexander Stewart (died 1283)
• James Stewart (died 1309)
• Walter Stewart (died 1326)
• Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (became Robert II, King of Scots)

Kings of the ScotsEdit

• Robert II (1371-1390)
• Robert III (1390-1406)
• James I (1406-1437)
• James II (1437-1460)
• James III (1460-1488)
• James IV (1488-1513)
• James V (1513-1542)
• Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1567)
• James VI (1567-1625)

Kings of Great Britain, France and IrelandEdit

see complication over official titles

• James VI of Scotland and I of England (1603-1625) - Jacobean Age
• Charles I of England and Scotland (1625-1649) - Carolean Age
• During the period between Charles I and Charles II, England was a Republican Commonwealth, and then a Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell. This period of 11 years is known as the English Interregnum.
• Charles II of England and Scotland (1660-1685) - Restoration Age
• James II of England and VII of Scotland (1685-1688) (continued to claim the English and Scottish thrones after his deposition in 1688 until his death in 1701)
• Mary II of England and Scotland (1689-1694) - with William III of England and II of Scotland, of the House of Orange-Nassau, a descendant of Charles I
• Anne of Great Britain (1702-1714) - Augustan Age

Jacobite ClaimantsEdit

• James Francis Edward Stuart (called the "Old Pretender" by his detractors, and "the King Across the Water" by his supporters) claimed throne as James VIII of Scotland and III of England, (1701-1766)
• Charles Edward Stuart (called the Young Pretender by the English), claimed throne as Charles III, known to the Scots as Bonnie Prince Charlie, (1766-1788)
• Henry Benedict Stuart, claimed throne as Henry IX (1788-1807)

See alsoEdit

• Jacobitism, for further information on the House of Stuart and their decline
• The family trees of the Stuarts: Scottish branch - England and Scotland united
• List of British monarchs
• List of Monarchs of Scotland
• Corsehill Stewarton in Ayrshire and the Stuart connection.
• Clan Stuart
• Ferrer, for the Stewart Ferrer branch.

Further readingEdit

• Addington, Arthur C. The Royal House of Stuart: The Descendants of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England). 3v. Charles Skilton, 1969-76.
• Cassavetti, Eileen. The Lion & the Lilies: The Stuarts and France. Macdonald & Jane’s, 1977.

elvia

External linksEdit

• Stewart Scotland
• Stuart Britain
• Jacobites
• www.StewartsofCampbeltown.com

*Royal House* House of Stuart
Preceded by House of Bruce	Ruling House of the Kingdom of Scotland 1371 – 1649 , 1660 – 1707	Titles Merged See Act of Union 1707
Preceded by House of Tudor	Ruling House of the Kingdom of England 1603 – 1649 , 1660 – 1707
Preceded by New Creation	Ruling House of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 – 1714	Succeeded by House of Hanover

This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at House of Stuart. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.