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in: Capet (surname), Born in 1165, Died in 1223,
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Philip II of France (1165-1223)

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Philip II Augustus the God-Given Capet of France, King of France, was born 21 August 1165 in Gonesse to Louis VII de France (1120-1180) and Alice de Champagne (1140-1206) and died 14 July 1223 Mantes-la-Jolie of unspecified causes. He married Isabelle de Hainaut (1170-1190) 28 April 1180 JL . He married Ingeborg of Denmark (1175-1236) 15 August 1193 JL . He married Agnes von Andechs (c1180-1201) 7 May 1196 JL .

Biography

Philip II byname Philip Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to style himself "King of France" (Latin: rex Francie).[lower-alpha 1] The son of King Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed Dieudonné (God-given) because he was a first son and born late in his father's life. Philip was given the epithet "Augustus" by the chronicler Rigord for having extended the crown lands of France so remarkably.

After decades of conflicts with the House of Plantagenet, Philip succeeded in putting an end to the Angevin Empire by defeating a coalition of his rivals at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. This victory would have a lasting impact on western European politics: the authority of the French king became unchallenged, while the King John I of England was forced by his barons to assent to Magna Carta and deal with a rebellion against him aided by Philip's son Louis VIII Capet (1187-1226), the First Barons' War. The military actions surrounding the Albigensian Crusade helped prepare the expansion of France southward. Philip did not participate directly in these actions, but he allowed his vassals and knights to help carry them out.

Philip transformed France into the most prosperous and powerful country in Europe.[5] He checked the power of the nobles and helped the towns free themselves from seigneurial authority, granting privileges and liberties to the emergent bourgeoisie. He built a great wall around Paris ("the Wall of Philip II Augustus"), re-organized the French government, and brought financial stability to his country.

Early Years

Louis intended to make Philip co-ruler with him as soon as possible, in accordance with the traditions of the House of Capet, but these plans were delayed when Philip became ill after a hunting trip.[6] His father went on pilgrimage to the Shrine of Thomas Becket to pray for Philip's recovery and was told that his son had indeed recovered.[6] However, on his way back to Paris, the king suffered a stroke.[7]

In declining health, Louis VII had his 14-year-old son crowned and anointed as king at Reims on 1 November 1179 by Archbishop William of the White Hands.[8] He was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabella of Hainault, the daughter of Count Baldwin V of Hainaut and Countess Margaret I of Flanders. Isabella brought the County of Artois as her dowry.[9] From the time of his coronation, all real power was transferred to Philip, as his father's health slowly declined.[10]

Death

Philip II fell ill in September 1222 and had a will made, but carried on with his itinerary. Traveling in hot weather the next summer resulted in a fever. The king recovered and felt well enough to resume his restless activity of touring his kingdom. The partial return of his health prompted him to travel to Paris on 13 July 1223, against the advice of his physician. The journey proved too much for him and he died en route the next day, in Mantes-la-Jolie, at the age of 58. His body was carried to Paris on a bier.[11] He was interred in the Basilica of St Denis in the presence of his son and successor, Louis VIII, as well as his illegitimate son Philip I, Count of Boulogne and John of Brienne, the King of Jerusalem.[12][13]

Family and Children

Izabela hainaut2

Isabelle, Philip's first wife
(by the fr (Maître de Rambures), c. 1450–1475)

After the early death of Isabella of Hainaut in childbirth with twins in 1190, Philip decided to marry again.

  1. Louis VIII Capet (1187-1226) - future king of France
  2. Robert(twin) (born and died 14 March 1190)[lower-alpha 2]
  3. Philip(twin) (14 March 1190 – 17 March 1190)[lower-alpha 3]


On 15 August 1193, he married Ingeborg, daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark,[15] receiving 10,000 marks of silver as a dowry.[16] Philip met her at Amiens on 14 August 1193 and they were married that same day.[16] At the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin, Archbishop Guillaume of Reims crowned both Philip and Ingeborg.[16] During the ceremony, Philip was pale, nervous, and could not wait for the ceremony to end.[16] Following the ceremony, he had Ingeborg sent to the convent of Saint-Maur-des-Fosses[16] and asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment on the grounds of non-consummation. Philip had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that the marriage had been consummated, and that she was his wife and the rightful queen of France. The Franco-Danish churchman William of Æbelholt intervened on Ingeborg's side, drawing up a genealogy of the Danish kings to disprove the alleged impediment of consanguinity.[17]

In the meantime, Philip had sought a new bride. Initial agreement had been reached for him to marry Margaret, daughter of Count William I of Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was interrupted by Thomas, Count of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended new wife and married her instead,[18] claiming that Philip was already bound in marriage. Philip finally achieved a third marriage in June 1196, when he was married to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia.[19] Their children were Marie and Philip, Count of Clermont.[19]

Pope Innocent III declared Philip Augustus' marriage to Agnes of Merania null and void, as he was still married to Ingeborg.[19] He ordered the king to part from Agnes, and when he did not, the pope placed France under an interdict in 1199. This continued until 7 September 1200.[20] Due to pressure from the pope, Ingeborg's brother King Valdemar II of Denmark and ultimately Agnes' death in 1201,[20] Philip finally took Ingeborg back as his wife, but it would not be until 1213 that she would be recognized at court as queen.[21]

Children with Agnes von Andechs (c1180-1201):

  1. Marie Capet (1198-1224); married firstly Philip I of Namur.[22] Married secondly Henry I, Duke of Brabant,[23] had issue.
  2. Philippe I Hurepel (1201-1235), Count of Boulogne by marriage; married Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne[24] and had issue.
  3. Tristan Capet (1201-1201)


Children


Offspring of Philip II of France and Isabelle de Hainaut (1170-1190)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Louis VIII Capet (1187-1226) 5 September 1187 Paris, Île-de-France, France 8 November 1226 Château de Montpensier-en-Auvergne, Montpensier, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France Blanca of Castile (1188-1252)
Robert Capet (1190-1190)
Philip Capet (1190-1190)


Offspring of Philip II of France and Agnes von Andechs (c1180-1201)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Philippe I Hurepel (1201-1235) 1201 1235 Mafalda de Dammartin (c1202-c1258)
Marie Capet (1198-1224) 1198 18 August 1224 Filips I van Namen (1175-1212)
Hendrik I van Brabant (1165-1235)
Tristan Capet (1201-1201)



Siblings


Offspring of Louis VII de France (1120-1180) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Marie Capet (1145-1198) 1145 11 March 1198 Henri Ier de Champagne (c1126-1181)
Alice Capet (1150-1199) 1150 1199 Thibaut V de Blois (1130-1191)


Offspring of Louis VII de France (1120-1180) and Constance of Castile (c1140-1160)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Marguerite of France (1158-c1197) November 1157 Acre 1197 Henry of Normandy (1155-1183)
Béla III of Hungary (1148-1196)
Adelaide Capet (1160-1160)


Offspring of Louis VII de France (1120-1180) and Alice de Champagne (1140-1206)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Philip II of France (1165-1223) 21 August 1165 Gonesse 14 July 1223 Mantes-la-Jolie Isabelle de Hainaut (1170-1190)
Ingeborg of Denmark (1175-1236)
Agnes von Andechs (c1180-1201)
Alix de Vexin (c1170-c1220) 1170 1220 William IV of Ponthieu (1179-1221)
Agnes Capet (1171-1240) 1171 1240 Alexios II Komnenos (1169-1183)
Andronikos I Komnenos (c1118-1185)
Theodoros Branas (-aft1218)


Ancestry Trees

See Also

  • wikipedia:en:Philip II of France
  • Philip II, Roi des France at thePeerage
  • Capetian Kings - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
  • Philip II of France - Geni.com
  • Philip II of France at Find A Grave
  • Babbitt, Susan M. (1985). Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V. American Philosophical Society. pp. 39. ISBN 978-0-871-69751-6. 
  • Baldwin, John W. (1991). The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. University of California Press. ISBN 0-5200-7391-6. 
  • Broun, Dauvit (2015). "Rethinking Scottish Origins". In Boardman, Steve. Barbour's Bruce and Its Cultural Contexts: Politics, Chivalry and Literature in Late Medieval Scotland. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 163–190. ISBN 978-1-843-84357-3. 
  • Bradbury, Jim (1997). Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223. The Medieval World (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-06059-3. 
  • Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328. Hambledon Continuum. 
  • Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095-1396. University of Toronto Press. 
  • Cox, Eugene L. (1974). The Eagles of Savoy. Princeton University Press. 
  • Cuttino, George Peddy (1985). English Medieval Diplomacy. Indiana University Press. 
  • Duby, G. (1 September 1990). The Legend of Bouvines: War, Religion, and Culture in the Middle Ages (first ed.). Univ of California Press. ISBN 0-5200-6238-8. 
  • Fawtier, Robert (1963). Capetian Kings of France Monarchy and Nation, 987-1328. 
  • Fegley, Randall (2002). The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders. McFarland & Company, Inc.. 
  • Flori, Jean; Tucker, Spencer (2019). "King Philip II". In Tucker, Spencer C.. Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 999. ISBN 978-1-440-85352-4. 
  • Guenée, Bernard (1981). Politique et histoire au Moyen Age: recueil d'articles sur l'histoire politique et l'historiographie médiévale (1956-1981). FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 978-2-859-44048-0. "In 1190, Rex Francie appeared in a few acts ... Then in 1196 the expression was found in unspecified acts. Finally, in June 1204, Philippus rex Francie was used in the initial protocol of the royal letters. And in June 1205 appears for the first time Regnum Francie."" 
  • Hallam, Elizabeth M (2014). Capetian France 987-1328. Taylor & Francis. 
  • Hanley, Catherine (2022). Two Houses, Two Kingdoms: A History of France and England, 1100-1300. Yale University Press. 
  • Hayes, Dawn Marie (2004). "Christian Sanctuary and Repository of France's Political Culture: The Construction of Holliness and Masculinity at the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis, 987-1328". In Cullum, P.. Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages. University of Wales Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-708-31894-2. "[...] Philip Augustus 'Dieudonné', [...] as this epithet demonstrates, was thought to have been given to Louis VII by God, because Louis had been married three times and had to wait many years for the birth of a son." 
  • Horne, Alistair (2004). La Belle France: A Short History. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-400-04140-4. 
  • Hosler, John D. (2007). Henry II, A Medieval Soldier at War, 1147-1189. 
  • Keefe, Thomas K. (2003). "Shrine Time: Henry II's Visits to Thomas Becket's Tomb". In Morillo, Stephen. The Haskins Society Journal Studies in Medieval History. 21. The Boydell Press. pp. 115–122. 
  • Meade, Marion (1977). Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography. New York: Hawthorn Books. ISBN 0-8015-2231-5. 
  • Moore, John C. (January 1962). "Count Baldwin IX of Flanders, Philip Augustus, and the Papal Power". Speculum 37 (1): 79–89. DOI:10.2307/2850600. 
  • Morris, Marc (2015). King John: Treachery and Tyranny in Medieval England: The Road to Magna Carta. Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-605-98885-6. 
  • Nicholas, David M (2014). Medieval Flanders. Taylor & Francis. 
  • Payne, Robert (1984). The Dream and the Tomb: A History of the Crusades. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2945-X. 
  • Petit-Dutaillis, C. (1999). The Feudal Monarchy in France and England. Routledge. 
  • Pollock, M. A. (2015). Scotland, England and France After the Loss of Normandy, 1204-1296. The Boydell Press. 
  • Rees, Simon (2006). "King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus". 
  • Riehle, Alexander (2020). A Companion to Byzantine Epistolography. Brill. 
  • Richard, Jean (1983). "Philippe Auguste, la croisade et le royaume" (in fr). Croisés, Missionaires et Voyageurs. Perspectives Orientales du Monde Latin Médiéval. London: Variorum Collected Studies Series CS182. 
  • Stark, Rodney (2003). For the glory of God. Princeton University Press. 
  • Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). De Krijgskunst in West-Europa in de Middeleeuwen, IXe tot begin XIVe eeuw (2nd ed.). Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-8511-5630-4. 
  • Wood, Charles T. (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy: 1224-1328. Harvard University Press. 

References

  1. ^ Baldwin 1991, p. 360.
  2. ^ Broun 2015, p. 176.
  3. ^ Babbitt 1985, p. 39.
  4. ^ Guenée 1981, p. 158.
  5. ^ Flori & Tucker 2019, p. 999.
  6. ^ a b Hosler 2007, p. 80.
  7. ^ Keefe 2003, p. 119.
  8. ^ Hosler 2007, p. 80-81.
  9. ^ Fawtier 1963, p. 112.
  10. ^ Bradbury 1997, p. 41.
  11. ^ Bradbury 1997, pp. 331–332.
  12. ^ Bradbury 1997, p. 332.
  13. ^ Baldwin 1991, p. 389.
  14. ^ a b Hanley 2022, p. xxi.
  15. ^ Bradbury 1997, pp. 177–178.
  16. ^ a b c d e Baldwin 1991, p. 83.
  17. ^ Riehle 2020, p. 92.
  18. ^ Cox 1974, pp. 9–10.
  19. ^ a b c Bradbury 1997, p. 183.
  20. ^ a b Bradbury 1997, p. 184.
  21. ^ Bradbury 1997, p. 185.
  22. ^ Bradbury 1997, p. 284.
  23. ^ Pollock 2015, p. 53.
  24. ^ Wood 1966, p. 9.
Philip II of France (1165-1223)
Born: 21 August 1165 Died: 14 July 1223
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Louis VII 		King of the Franks
(King of France)
1179 – 1223
with Louis VII as senior king (1179-1180) 		Succeeded by
Louis VIII



Footnotes (including sources)

Rtol, Phlox, Thurstan, MainTour
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