- 1270-1285: King of France
- AKA: Philip the Bold
Philippe III the Bold Capet of France was born 30 April 1245 in Poissy, Île-de-France, France to Louis IX Capet (1214-1270) and Marguerite de Provence (1221-1295) and died 5 October 1285 Perpignan, Languedoc-Roussillon, France of unspecified causes. He married Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271) 28 May 1262 JL in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France. He married Maria van Brabant (1256-1321) 21 August 1274 JL in Vincennes, Île-de-France, France.
Biography
King Philip III of France, also known as Philip the Bold or Philip the Fair, was born on April 1, 1245, in Poissy, France. He was the son of King Louis IX of France and his wife, Queen Marguerite of Provence. His father, Louis IX Capet (1214-1270), died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271.
Philip (on horseback) has his father's remains returned to France. Late 15th century illuminated manuscript.
During his reign, Philip III focused on consolidating the power of the French monarchy. He expanded the royal domain by buying land and confiscating property from rebellious nobles. He also reformed the judicial system by establishing the Parlement of Paris, which became the highest court in France.
Philip III was known for his piety and devotion to the Catholic Church. He was a patron of the arts and commissioned several important works, including the Sainte Chapelle in Paris, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture.
Philip III's reign was marked by conflict with the Church, particularly with Pope Boniface VIII. The pope asserted his authority over secular rulers, which led to a clash with Philip III, who believed in the supremacy of the monarch. This conflict would continue under Philip's successor, Philip IV, and ultimately led to the papacy's relocation to Avignon.
Philip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse, which was annexed to the royal domain in 1271. With the Treaty of Orléans, he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the Sicilian Vespers, the County of Alençon was returned to the crown lands.
Following the Sicilian Vespers, Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle. Initially successful, Philip, his army racked with sickness, was forced to retreat and died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV.
He died on October 5, 1285, at the age of 40, and was succeeded by his son, Philip IV.
Early Life
Philip was born in Poissy on 1 May 1245,[1] the second son of King Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence.[2] As a younger son, Philip was not expected to rule France. At the death of his older brother Louis in 1260, he became the heir apparent to the throne.[3]
Philip's mother Margaret made him promise to remain under her tutelage until the age of 30; however, Pope Urban IV released him from this oath on 6 June 1263.[4] From that moment on, Pierre de la Broce, a royal favourite and household official of Louis IX, was Philip's mentor.[5] His father, Louis, also provided him with advice, writing in particular the Enseignements, which inculcated the notion of justice as the first duty of a king.[6]
Marriage and children
King Philip III of France had two wives during his lifetime. Overall, the marriages of Philip III were primarily motivated by political considerations rather than romantic love. Nevertheless, both Isabella and Marie were important figures in the history of France, and their children would go on to play significant roles in the affairs of the kingdom.
1st Marriage: Isabella of Aragon
His first wife was Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271), whom he married 28 May 1262. Isabella was the daughter of King James I of Aragon and his wife, Yolande of Hungary. The marriage was arranged by Philip's father, King Louis IX, to strengthen the alliance between France and Aragon. Isabella was only 12 years old at the time of the marriage, and Philip was 17.[7]
Isabella and Philip had several children together. However, Isabella died in 1271, shortly after giving birth to their last child. Children:
- Louis Capet (1265-1276).[8]
- Philip IV Capet (1268-1314), his successor as King of France, married Joan I of Navarre[9]. He became King of France after the death of his father in 1285 and reigned until 1314. During his reign, he confronted Pope Boniface VIII over the issue of royal supremacy and the power of the papacy, leading to the eventual downfall of the Knights Templar.
- Robert Capet (1269-1271) - died young[10]
- Charles de Valois (1270-1325),[11] Count of Valois from 1284, married first to Margaret of Naples (Countess of Anjou) in 1290, second to Catherine I of Courtenay in 1302, and last to Mahaut of Chatillon in 1308
- Unknown Capet (1271-1271) - death childbirth, leading to premature death of mother.[12]
2nd Marriage: Marie of Brabant
Philip III's second wife was Maria van Brabant (1256-1321), whom he married in 1274, three years after the death of Isabella. Marie was the daughter of the late Henry III, Duke of Brabant, and Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant. The marriage was arranged by Philip's mother, Queen Marguerite of Provence, to strengthen the alliance between France and the Low Countries.[7][13] Their children were:
- Louis Capet (1276-1319), Count of Évreux from 1298,[11] married Margaret of Artois[14]
- Blanca Capet (1278-1305), Vienna), married Duke, the future king Rudolf I of Bohemia and Poland, on 25 May 1300.[14]
- Marguerite Capet (1282-1317), married King Edward I of England on 8 September 1299[15]
Children
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Louis Capet (1265-1276) | |||
| Philip IV Capet (1268-1314) | 1268 Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France | 29 October 1314 Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France | Joan I of Navarre (1271-1305) |
| Robert Capet (1269-1271) | |||
| Charles de Valois (1270-1325) | 12 March 1270 | 16 December 1325 | Marguerite d'Anjou et Maine (1274-1299) Catherine I de Courtenay (1274-1308) Mahaut de Châtillon (1293-1358) |
| Unknown Capet (1271-1271) | |||
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Louis Capet (1276-1319) | 3 May 1276 | 19 May 1319 Paris | Marguerite d'Artois (1285-1311) |
| Blanca Capet (1278-1305) | 1278 Paris | 1 March 1305 Vienna | Rudolf III von Habsburg (c1281-1307) |
| Marguerite Capet (1282-1317) | 1279 Paris, France | 2 February 1318 Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom | Edward I of England (1239-1307) |
Siblings
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Blanche Capet (1240-1243) | |||
| Isabelle Capet (1241-1271) | 1241 | 1271 | Teobaldo II de Navarra (1238-1270) |
| Louis Capet (1244-1260) | |||
| Philippe III Capet (1245-1285) | 30 April 1245 Poissy, Île-de-France, France | 5 October 1285 Perpignan, Languedoc-Roussillon, France | Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271) Maria van Brabant (1256-1321) |
| Jean Capet (c1247-1248) | |||
| Jean Tristan Capet (1250-1270) | |||
| Pierre Capet (1251-1284) | |||
| Blanche Capet (1253-1320) | 1253 Jaffa, Israel | 17 June 1320 Paris, France | Fernando of Castile (1256-1275) |
| Marguerite Capet (1254-1271) | 1254 | 1271 | Jan I van Brabant (1253-1294) |
| Robert de Clermont (1256-1317) | 1256 | 7 February 1317 | Béatrice de Bourgogne (1257-1310) |
| Agnes Capet (1260-1327) | 1260 | 19 December 1327 | Robert II de Bourgogne (1248-1306) |
Ancestry Trees
See Also
- wikipedia:en:Philip III of France
- Philip III of France at thePeerage
- Capetian Kings - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
- Philip III of France - Geni.com
- Philip III of France at Find A Grave
- Alighieri, Dante (1920). The Divine Comedy. Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Aurell, Jaume (2020). Medieval Self-Coronations: The History and Symbolism of a Ritual. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10884-024-8.
- Biller, Peter, ed (2011). Inquisitors and Heretics in Thirteenth-Century Languedoc: Edition and Translation of Toulouse Inquisition Depositions, 1273–1282. Brill. ISBN 978-9-00418-810-5.
- Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-528-4.
- Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1978). The Monarchy of Capetian France and Royal Ceremonial. Variorum Reprints. ISBN 978-0-86078-279-7.
- Chaytor, H.J. (1933). A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Methuen Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-59855-967-8.
- Chazan, Robert, ed (1980). Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages. Behrman House, Inc.. ISBN 0-8744-1302-8.
- Chazan, Robert (2019). Medieval Jewry in Northern France: A Political and Social History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-42143-065-2.
- Dunbabin, Jean (2011). The French in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1266–1305. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52119-878-3.
- Earenfight, Theresa (2013). Queenship in Medieval Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-23027-645-1.
- Evergates, Theodore (1999). "Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne". In Evergates, Theodore. Aristocratic Women in Medieval France. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3503-7.
- Fawtier, Robert (1989). Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and Nation, 987–1328 (17th ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33308-721-3.
- Field, Sean L. (2019). Courting Sanctity: Holy Women and the Capetians. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-50173-619-3.
- Firnhaber-Baker, Justine (2014). Violence and the State in Languedoc, 1250–1400. Cambridge University Press.
- Giesey, Ralph E. (2004). Rulership in France, 15th-17th Centuries. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-86078-920-8.
- Gil, Christiane (2006) (in French). Marguerite de Provence: épouse de Saint Louis. Pygmalion. ISBN 978-2-75640-000-6.
- Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). Capetian France: 987–1328. Longman. ISBN 978-0-58240-428-1.
- Henneman, John Bell (1971). Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Development of War Financing, 1322–1359. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-6910-5188-7.
- Jordan, William Chester (2009). A Tale of Two Monasteries: Westminster and Saint-Denis in the Thirteenth Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69113-901-2.
- Le Goff, Jacques (2009). Saint Louis. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-26803-381-1.
- Lower, Michael (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19874-432-0.
- Morrison, Elizabeth, ed (2010). Imagining the Past in France: History in Manuscript Painting, 1250–1500. J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-1-60606-028-5.
- Peter of Ickham (1865). Glover, John. ed (in French). Le Livere de Reis de Brittanie E Le Livere de Reis de Engleterre. Rolls Series. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-35785-102-6.
- de Pontfarcy, Yolanda (2010). "Philip III". In Lansing, Richard. The Dante Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41587-611-7.
- Prestwich, Michael (2007). Plantagenet England 1225-1360. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19922-687-0.
- Richard, Jean (1992). Lloyd, Simon. ed. Saint Louis: Crusader King of France. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52138-156-7.
- Runciman, Steven (2000). The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52143-774-5.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005). The Crusades: A History. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-47251-351-9.
- Sammartino, Peter; Roberts, William (1992). Sicily: An Informal History. Cornwall Books. ISBN 978-0-84534-877-2.
- Sibley, W.A.; Sibley, M.D. (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-8511-5925-7.
- Sivery, Gerard (2003). Philippe III Le Hardi. Fayard. ISBN 2-2136-1486-5.
- Stow, Kenneth (2006). Jewish Dogs: An Image and Its Interpreters. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-80475-281-7.
- Sumption, Jonathan (1990). The Hundred Years War:Trial by Battle. I. Faber and Faber Limited. ISBN 978-0-81221-655-4.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2019). The World of the Crusades. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30021-739-1.
- Ward, Jennifer (2016). Women in Medieval Europe 1200–1500 (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13885-568-7.
- Westerhof, Danielle (2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-416-8.
- Wood, Charles T. (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-67432-001-7.
- Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-13733-914-0.
Contemporary References
tomb of King Philip III of France
There are several contemporary references that provide insight into the life of King Philip III of France. Here are some of the most important ones:
- Tomb at Basilica of Saint Denis, Paris, France
- Chronicles of Jean de Joinville - Joinville was a close friend and adviser to King Louis IX, the father of Philip III. He wrote a famous chronicle of Louis IX's life and also wrote about the reign of Philip III. Joinville's work provides a firsthand account of Philip III's reign and gives insight into the politics and culture of the time.
- Grandes Chroniques de France - The Grandes Chroniques is a collection of histories of the kings of France that was compiled in the 14th century. The section on Philip III's reign is an important contemporary source for his life and times.
- The Livre des Métiers - This is a collection of regulations and statutes that were issued during the reign of Philip III. It provides a detailed look at the economic and social life of the time, including information on crafts and guilds, trade, and taxation.
- Letters and charters - Many letters and charters from the reign of Philip III survive, providing insight into the king's personal and political life. These documents include letters between Philip III and other monarchs and nobles, as well as charters granting privileges and rights to various groups.
- Architecture and art - The surviving buildings and artwork from the reign of Philip III also provide valuable insights into his life and times. Examples include the royal palace in Paris, which was expanded and renovated during his reign, and the famous Sainte-Chapelle, which was commissioned by Louis IX but completed during the reign of Philip III.
Footnotes
- ^ Richard 1992, p. 65.
- ^ Richard 1992, p. xxiv.
- ^ Field 2019, p. 77.
- ^ Hallam 1980, p. 223.
- ^ Gil 2006, p. 88.
- ^ Le Goff 2009, p. 330.
- ^ a b Earenfight 2013, p. 158.
- ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 238.
- ^ Woodacre 2013, p. xviii.
- ^ Field 2019, p. 78.
- ^ a b Henneman 1971, p. xvii.
- ^ Brown 1978, p. 179.
- ^ Dunbabin 2011, p. xiv.
- ^ a b Morrison & Hedeman 2010, p. 4.
- ^ Prestwich 2007, p. 27.
Philippe III Capet (1245-1285) Born: 1 May 1245 Died: 5 October 1285
| ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Louis IX |
King of France 25 August 1270 – 5 October 1285 |
Succeeded by Philip IV |
Footnotes (including sources)
| ‡ General |
Rtol, Phlox, Thurstan, MainTour
|
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