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Ann Dunham (1942-1995)

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Ann Dunham ‡
Birth November 27, 1942 in Wichita
Death: November 7, 1995 in Honolulu, Hawaii "Straub clinic"
Burial: 9999 in Honolulu, Hawaii "Lānaʻi Lookout, Koko Head" §
Father: Stanley Armour Dunham (1918-1992)
Mother: Madelyn Lee Payne (1922-2008)
Skill(s): Anthropologist
Husband: Barack Obama (1936-1982)
Wedding: February 2, 1961 in Mauii, Hawaii ₪
Husband (2): Lolo Soetoro (1936)
Sex:
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Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist who specialized in economic anthropology and rural development. Dunham was nicknamed Anna,[1][2] later known as Dr. Stanley Ann Dunham Soetoro, and finally Ann Dunham Sutoro. Born in Kansas, Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas and her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington, and much of her adult life in Hawaii and Indonesia.


Children


Offspring of  Ann Dunham and Barack Obama (1936-1982)
Name Birth Death
Barack Obama (1961) August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii "Kapi'olani Medical Center"
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Offspring of  Ann Dunham and Lolo Soetoro (1936)
Name Birth Death
Maya Soetoro-Ng (1970)
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[edit] Anthropology work

Dunham studied at the University of Hawaii and the East-West Center and attained a bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. in anthropology. Interested in craftsmanship, weaving and the role of women in cottage industries, Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development. Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Pakistan. Towards the latter part of her life, she worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program in the world.[3]

After her son assumed the presidency, interest renewed in Dunham's work: The University of Hawaii held a symposium about her research; an exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United States; and in December 2009, Duke University Press is scheduled to publish Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia, a book based on Dunham's 1992 dissertation.

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."[4]

[edit] Early life

Stanley Ann Dunham was born on November 29, 1942, at St. Francis Hospital in Wichita, Kansas[5] to Madelyn Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham.[6][7] Her parents were born in Kansas, met in Wichita, and married on May 5, 1940.[8] After the attack on Pearl Harbor, her father joined the United States Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita.[9] Named after her father because he wanted a boy, as a child and teenager she was known as "Stanley" and was teased about it. But she used the name through high school, "apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town". By the time Dunham had begun attending college, she began to use the name "Ann" instead. At the end of World War II Dunham moved with her parents from Wichita to Ponca City, Oklahoma, and from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas.[10] In 1955, the family moved to Seattle, Washington where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where Ann attended Eckstein Junior High School.[11]

In 1956, Dunham's family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb of Seattle. Dunham's parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the newly opened Mercer Island High School.[4] At the school, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority to the young Dunham, and she took the lessons to heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children." One classmate remembered her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way,"[4] and a high school friend described her as knowledgeable and progressive: "If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her "the original feminist."[4]

[edit] Family life and marriages

For more details on this topic, see Family of Barack Obama.
File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg
Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, mid 1970s (l to r)

In August 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in the new state, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and her family moved to Hawaii. Dunham soon enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. While attending a Russian language class, Dunham met Barack Obama, Sr., the school's first African student.[12][13] At the age of 23, Obama had come to Hawaii to pursue his education, leaving behind a pregnant wife and infant son in his home town of Nyang’oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961, despite parental opposition from both families.[4][14] Dunham was three months pregnant at the time of her marriage.[4] Obama Sr. eventually informed Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later, she would discover this was false.[13] Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife, in keeping with Luo customs.[15]

On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her first child, Barack Obama II.[16] Friends in Washington State recall her visiting with her new baby in 1961.[17][18][19][20][21] By January 1962, she had enrolled at the University of Washington, and was living as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii.[11][18][22][23][24] When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City[25] with which he could have supported his family, but he declined it, preferring to attend the more prestigious Harvard University.[14] He left for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he would begin graduate study at Harvard in the fall of 1962.[13] Dunham filed for divorce in Honolulu in January 1964. Obama Sr. did not contest, and the divorce was granted. Dunham returned to the university to study anthropology. During this time, her parents helped her raise the young Obama, and she also received food stamps. Dunham graduated from the University of Hawaii in 1967 with a bachelor's degree. Obama Sr. received a Masters degree (MA) in economics from Harvard in 1965[26] and in 1971, he came to Hawaii and visited his son Barack, then 10 years old; it was the last time he would see his son. In 1982, Obama Sr. was killed in a car accident.

File:Lolo Soetoro Ann Dunham Maya Soetoro-Ng Barack Obama.jpg
Lolo Soetoro in 1971, with Ann, Maya and Barack.

It was at the East-West Center that Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, a student from Indonesia.[27] They married in 1966 or 1967 and moved with six-year-old Barack to Jakarta, Indonesia, just after the unrest surrounding the ascent of Suharto.[28] In Indonesia, Soetoro worked as a government relations consultant with the American petroleum company Mobil.[29][30] On August 15, 1970, Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[8] In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. Though the decision was painful for her, she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to attend Punahou School rather than having him stay in Asia with her.[28] Madelyn Dunham's job as a vice-president at the Bank of Hawaii helped pay the steep tuition,[31] with some assistance from a scholarship.[32] In the 1970s, Dunham wished to return to work, but Soetoro wanted more children. She once said that he became more American as she became more Javanese.[28] Ann Dunham left Soetoro in 1972, returning to Hawaii and reuniting with her son Barack for several years. Soetoro and Dunham saw each other periodically in the 1970s when Dunham returned to Indonesia for her field work[28] but did not live together again. They divorced in 1980 and she began using the name Ann Dunham Sutoro, with a modern spelling of her former husband's surname.

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers.[33]

[edit] Professional life

Dunham returned to graduate school in Honolulu in 1974, while raising Barack and Maya. When Dunham returned to Indonesia for field work in 1975 with Maya, after three years in Honolulu, Barack chose not to go, preferring to finish high school in Hawaii while living with his grandparents.[28]

Having been a weaver, Dunham was interested in village industries, and she therefore moved to Yogyakarta, the center of Javanese handicrafts.[34] In 1992 she earned a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Hawaii, under the supervision of Prof. Alice Dewey, with a dissertation titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds.[35] Anthropologist Michael Dove described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological study of a 1,200-year-old industry".[36] Dunham's paper challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the roots of poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are responsible for the gap between less-developed countries and the industrialized West. According to Dove, Dunham

found that the villagers she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs, beliefs and aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners. Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits," she wrote, and entrepreneurship was “in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia,” having been “part of the traditional culture” there for a millennium…Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity of capital, the allocation of which was a matter of politics, not culture. Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential, perversely, of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites. As she wrote in her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials," who then used the money to further strengthen their own status.[36]

Dunham then pursued a career in rural development championing women’s work and microcredit for the world’s poor, with Indonesia’s oldest bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the Ford Foundation, Women's World Banking, and as a consultant in Lahore, Pakistan. She mingled with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development.[28] While at the Ford Foundation, Dunham worked with Peter Geithner, father of Tim Geithner (who later became United States Secretary of the Treasury in her son's administration), to develop the Foundation's microfinance programs in Indonesia.[37]

[edit] Illness and death

In late 1994, Dunham was living and working in Indonesia. One night, during dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, she experienced stomach pain. A visit to a local physician misdiagnosed her symptoms as indigestion. Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and diagnosed with uterine cancer. By this time, the cancer had spread to her ovaries.[13] She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, at the age of 52.[28][38][39] Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu.[28] Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.[40]

Obama touched upon his mother's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about Dunham's last days worrying about expensive medical bills.[39] The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:[39]

I remember my mother. She was 53 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn’t thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn’t sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.[39]

[edit] Posthumous interest

In September 2008, the University of Hawaii at Mānoa held a symposium about Dunham.[41] Duke University Press announced that they would publish a version of Dunham's dissertation in the fall of 2009 named Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia. The book was revised and edited by Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice G. Dewey and Nancy I. Cooper. Maya Soetoro-Ng wrote the forward for the book and an afterward was composed by anthropologist Robert W. Hefner of Boston University. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and her legacy as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and engaged scholarship."[42]

In 2009, an exhibition of Dunham's Javanese batik textile collection (A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the United States, finishing the tour at the Textile Museum of Washington, D.C. in August.[43] Early in her life, Ann Dunham explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver, creating wall hangings for her own enjoyment. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different fabrics.[44]

Ann Dunham: A Most Generous Spirit, a feature documentary depicting Dunham's life, is scheduled to begin production in 2010. Charles Burnett, writer and director of Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation (2007) will direct the film. Shooting will take place on location in Indonesia, Hawaii and Washington. The production team is currently negotiating for the participation of President Barack Obama.[45]

[edit] Personal beliefs

"She felt that somehow, wandering through uncharted territory, we might stumble upon something that will, in an instant, seem to represent who we are at the core. That was very much her philosophy of life — to not be limited by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls around ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected places."
Maya Soetoro-Ng[28]


In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship... she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."[46] In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household... My mother's own experiences... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones... And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."[47] "Religion for her was "just one of the many ways — and not necessarily the best way — that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote.[48]

Maxine Box, Dunham's best friend in high school, said that Dunham "touted herself [then] as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn't."[4] However, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books — the Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture, the Tao Te Ching, Sun Tzu — and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute."[27] "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."[48]

In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."

Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father:

My father was from Kenya and a lot of people in his village were Muslim. He didn’t practice Islam. Truth is he wasn’t very religious. He met my mother. My mother was a Christian from Kansas, and they married and then divorced. I was raised by my mother. So, I’ve always been a Christian. The only connection I’ve had to Islam is that my grandfather on my father’s side came from that country. But I’ve never practiced Islam.[49]

[edit] Ancestry

See also: Madelyn Dunham and Stanley Armour Dunham

Dunham's heritage consists mostly of English ancestors and smaller numbers of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, French, Alsatian, Swiss and German ancestors, who settled in the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries.[50] Prior to migrating to Kansas in the 1870s, her paternal ancestors settled in Tipton County, Indiana, in the 1840s and her maternal ancestors settled in Newton County, Arkansas, also in the 1840s.[51]

She was a distant cousin of former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and former U.S. Presidents Lyndon Baines Johnson and Harry S Truman.[52] According to oral history, Dunham's maternal grandmother had a full-blooded Cherokee ancestor, although no recorded evidence has been found to prove or disprove this claim.[29]


[edit] Chronology of events

1942, Nov. 7 — Stanley Ann Dunham was born in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to Stanley and Madelyn Dunham. In later years, she and her family moved to California, Texas, and Seattle, Washington.

1956 — Ann's family moved to Mercer Island, Washington, where she attended Mercer Island High School. She later was a student at the University of Washington, and then the University of California, Berkeley.

1960 — At age 17, Ann and her family moved to Hawaii, where she attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa, studying mathematics and anthropology. She met Barack Obama, Sr., in a Russian language class.

1961, Feb. 2 — Barack Sr. (age 25), and Ann (age 18) married in Maui, Hawaii, after she discovered she was pregnant. The parents on both sides objected to their marriage.

1961, Aug. 4 — Barack Obama (1961), was born at Kapiolani Hospital in Honolulu. His mother left school to take care of him while his father completed his degree.

1962, Jun. — Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii.

1962, fall — Obama Sr. left Ann and their son Barack Jr., to do graduate work at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1963 summer — Ann took one-year-old Barack to join Obama Sr. in Cambridge, stopping on the way for a visit with friends in Mercer Island, Washington. Soon after arriving in Cambridge, she and her son returned to Seattle, where she enrolled in the University of Washington. She then moved back to Hawaii to be with her family.

1964, Jan. — Ann filed for divorce in Honolulu, Hawaii.

1967 — Ann married Lolo Soetoro. They met at the University of Hawaii. They moved to Jakarta, Indonesia, with Barack. Lolo worked as a government relations consultant with Mobil Corporation.

1970, Aug. 15 — Maya Kassandra Soetoro was born to Lolo and Ann.

1971 — Barack Obama, Jr., age 10, is sent by his mother back to Honolulu to attend fifth grade at Punahou School, a prestigious preparatory school. Tuition was paid with the aid of scholarships and help from his grandparents.

1971 Dec.— Obama Sr. visited Ann and Barack Jr. in Hawaii. This reportedly was the last time Barack saw Obama Sr.

1974 — Ann returned to graduate school in Honolulu, while also raising Barack and Maya.

1977 — Ann returned to Indonesia with Maya to do field work. Barack stayed to complete high school at Punahou.

1980 — Ann and Lolo divorce.

1981 — Obama visited his Ann and Maya in Indonesia, then traveled to Pakistan and India with friends from college. Afterward, he proceeded on to Kenya, where he visited his father's family.

1992 — Ann obtained a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Hawaii with a dissertation titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds. Ann then undertook a career in rural development championing women's work and microcredit for the world's poor, with Indonesia's oldest bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the Ford Foundation, and Women's World Banking — and also worked as a consultant in Pakistan. She dealt with leaders from organizations involved with Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grassroots development.

1994 — Ann discovered she had ovarian and uterine cancer. She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother, who cared for her.

1995 — Ann died at the age of 52. After a memorial service held at the University of Hawaii, Barack and his half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, cast Ann's ashes over the Pacific Ocean on the south side of Oahu.


[edit] Noteworty descendants

This person may have noteworthy descendants, but our gradual linking system has not picked any up yet.

[edit] Publications


Citations and remarks

‡ General
₪ Wedding
  • Divorce was filed in Honolulu, Hawaii Jan. 1964
  • Divorce info according to Reitwiesner (wargs) site.
§ Remains
  • Same location as where her mother's ashes were spread on 2008-12-22.

Contributors

 Phlox

[edit] References

  1. ^ Obama, Barack [1995] (2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press, 7,68. ISBN 1400082773. 
  2. ^ Turow, Scott (2004-03-30). The new face of the Democratic Party -- and America. Salon.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.
  3. ^ Dewey, Alice; Geoffrey White (2008). "Ann Dunham: A Personal Reflection". Anthropology News 49 (8). DOI:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. Retrieved on 2009-08-23.  Spotlight on Alumni: EWC Alumna Ann Dunham— Mother to President Obama and Champion of Women’s Rights and Economic Justice. News. East-West Center. Retrieved on 2009-08-19.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, Tim. "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator", Chicago Tribune, 2007-03-27, p. 1 (Tempo). Retrieved on 2009-02-16. 
    . (2007-03-27). Video: Reflections on Obama's mother (02:34). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
    . (2007-03-27). Video: Jim Wichterman reflects on his former student (02:03). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
    . (2007-03-27). Video: She changed his diapers (01:02). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.
  5. ^ Peters, Susan. "President Obama: From Kansas to the Capital, Part II", KAKE-TV, ABC News, 2009-01-27. Retrieved on 2009-09-12. 
  6. ^ Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr.. New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
  7. ^ Peters, Susan. "President Obama: From Kansas to the Capital", KAKE-TV, ABC News, 2009-01-27. Retrieved on 2009-07-29. 
  8. ^ a b Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg. "The Obama family tree", Chicago Sun-Times, 2007-09-09, p. 2B. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  9. ^ Nakaso, Dan. "Barack Obama's grandma, 86, dies of cancer before election", The Honolulu Advertiser, 2008-11-04. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
    Nakaso, Dan. "Day, time of Dunham death clarified", The Honolulu Advertiser, 2008-11-11. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  10. ^ "Obama's Grandparents And Mom Once Lived In Okla.", Local News, KTUL, 2009-02-08. Retrieved on 2009-08-21.  Jones, Tim. "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas," Chicago Tribune via Baltimore Sun (2007-03-27).
  11. ^ a b Dougherty, Phil (2009-02-07). Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.
  12. ^ Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from my father: A story of race and inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1400082773.  Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From promise to power. New York: Amistad. ISBN 0060858206. 
    Glauberman, Stu; Burris, Jerry (2008). The dream begins: How Hawai'i shaped Barack Obama. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing. ISBN 0981508685.  Jacobs, Sally. "A father's charm, absence; Friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a self-confident, complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy", The Boston Globe, 2008-09-21. Retrieved on 2008-12-05. 
  13. ^ a b c d Maraniss. "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible", The Washington Post, 2008-08-22. Retrieved on 2008-12-05. 
  14. ^ a b Meachem, Jon. "On his own", Newsweek, 2008-08-23. Retrieved on 2008-11-14. 
  15. ^ Oywa, John. "Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior", The Standard (Kenya), 2008-11-10. Retrieved on 2009-02-18. ““in keeping with the Luo customs, Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife, which she granted.” 
  16. ^ Born in the U.S.A.. FactCheck (August 21, 2008). Retrieved on October 24 2008.
  17. ^ Brodeur, Nicole. "Memories of Obama's mother", The Seattle Times, 2008-02-05, p. B1. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. “Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle…” 
  18. ^ a b Martin, Jonathan. "Obama's mother known here as "uncommon"", The Seattle Times, 2008-04-08, p. A1. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.  Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake,[Botkin] another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya." Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."
  19. ^ Montgomery, Rick. "Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas", The Kansas City Star, reprinted 2008-06-01 on p. B4 of the Lawrence Journal-World, 2008-05-26, p. A1. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. “But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son.” 
  20. ^ . (2007-03-27). Video: She changed his diapers (01:02). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2009-02-16. Susan Blake [Botkin] (Stanley Ann Dunham's high school classmate)
  21. ^ At some point, she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard (where he would not enroll until the fall of 1962). See Maraniss 2008.
  22. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; co-director, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries. "Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill", Capitol Hill Times, 2009-01-09. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. “A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus.... Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library....” 
  23. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip; co-directors, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (2009-01-28). Baby Sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill. Seattle Museum of the Mysteries, reprinted 2009-02-06 on p. 3 of the Seattle Gay News. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. LeFevre and Lipson wrote:
    Mary Toutonghi....recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of babysitting Barack in January and February of 1962.... Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington, and according to the University of Washington’s registrar’s office her major was listed as history. She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961, took a full course load in the spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1962. Along with the Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar's office confirms 516 13th Ave. E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.
    Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address, in the Seattle Reverse Directory, 1961-1962. See Dougherty, Phil. “Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960,” HistoryLink.org (2009-02-07). Retrieved (2009-02-13).
  24. ^ Neyman, Jenny. "Obama baby sitter awaits new era — Soldotna woman eager for former charge’s reign", Redoubt Reporter, 2009-01-20. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  25. ^ One source says the scholarship was for New York University: Meachem, Jon. "On his own", Newsweek, 2008-08-23. Retrieved on 2008-11-14. ; others say it was for the New School for Social Research: e.g., Maraniss, David. "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible", The Washington Post, 2008-08-24. Retrieved on 2008-11-14.  and Ripley, Amanda. "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother", Time, 2008-04-09. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  26. ^ Harvard University (1986). Harvard University 350th Anniversary Alumni Directory, seventeenth edition, Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. 
  27. ^ a b Solomon, Deborah. "Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the Family", The New York Times Magazine, 2008-01-20, p. 17. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i Scott, Janny. "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama’s path", The New York Times, 2008-03-14, p. A1. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. 
  29. ^ a b Sheridan, Michael, Sarah Baxter. "Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked", Muslim Observer, New America Media, 2007-02-05. Retrieved on 27 August 2009. 
  30. ^ Watson, Paul. "As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia", Los Angeles Times, 2007-03-15. Retrieved on 2008-06-s21. 
  31. ^ Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6. 
  32. ^ Tani, Carlyn (Spring 2007). "A Kid Called Barry: Barack Obama '79". Punahou School. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 
  33. ^ "Easy-going youth who put passion into politics", U.S. Elections, The Irish Times, 2008-11-06. Retrieved on 2009-08-21. 
  34. ^ Sutoro, Ann Dunham, and Roes Haryanto. 1990. "KUPEDES Development Impact Survey." BRI Briefing Booklet. Jakarta.
  35. ^ Dunham, S. Ann (1992). "Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds". University of Hawaii.
  36. ^ a b Dove, Michael. "Dreams From His Mother", New York Times, 2009-08-11. Retrieved on 2009-08-11. 
  37. ^ Ford Foundation Links Parents of Obama and Treasury Secretary Nominee. Chronicle of Philanthropy (2008-12-03). Retrieved on 2008-12-20.
  38. ^ Chipman, Kim. "Obama Drive Gets Inspiration From His White Mom Born in Kansas", Bloomberg, 2008-02-11. 
  39. ^ a b c d McCormick, John. "Obama's mother in new ad", Chicago Tribune, 2007-09-21. 
  40. ^ OBAMA BIDS FAREWELL TO GRANDMOTHER - New York Post - December 24, 2008
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  44. ^ A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth. Textile Museum (2009). Retrieved on 2009-09-06.
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  50. ^ Harneis, Robert. "Goodnight Mr. President", French News, January 20, 2009. Retrieved on March 20, 2009.  McFarland, Sheena. "Utah genealogy firm digs up Obama's German roots", Salt Lake Tribune, June 4, 2009. Retrieved on June 23, 2009.  Williamson, David. "Wales link in US presidential candidate's past", Western Mail, July 5, 2008. Retrieved on June 5, 2009.  Forek, Scott. "Edward McCurry", Chicago Sun-Times, September 9, 2007. Retrieved on June 4, 2009.  Forek, Scott. "John Wilson and Ruth Wilburn Wilson", Chicago Sun-Times, September 9, 2007. Retrieved on June 4, 2009.  Forek, Scott. "Falmouth Kearney", Chicago Sun-Times, September 9, 2007. Retrieved on June 5, 2009. 
  51. ^ Durbak, Meghan. "House ties Obama to Kempton", Kokomo Tribune, May 4, 2008. Retrieved on June 13, 2009.  Cate, Matthew S.L.. "Obama ancestors had home in state", Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, July 30, 2008. Retrieved on June 13, 2009. 
  52. ^ Associated Press (2007-09-09). Obama's family tree has a few surprises. cbs2chicago.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-13.



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