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Toowoomba

Queensland, Australia

ToowoombaDT1.
View of Toowoomba's CBD taken looking down Russell Street



Toowoomba is located in Queensland
Red pog
Toowoomba
Population: 157023 [1] (15th)
Density: 236.8/km² (613.3/sq mi)
Established: 1840s
Postcode: 4350
Elevation: 691 m (2,267 ft) [2]
Area: 554.4 km² (214.1 sq mi)
Time zone: AEST (UTC+10)
Location: 132 km (82 mi) from Brisbane
LGA: Toowoomba Region
County: Aubigny
State District:
  • Toowoomba North
  • Toowoomba South
  • Condamine
Federal Division: Groom
Mean Max Temp Mean Min Temp Annual Rainfall
22.6 °C
73 °F
11.4 °C
53 °F
944 mm
37.2 in


Toowoomba (nicknamed 'The Garden City') is a city in South-East Queensland, Australia. It is located 127 km (79 mi) west of Queensland's capital city, Brisbane.[3] With an estimated district population of 157,699 ,[1] Toowoomba is Australia's second most populous inland city and the most populous non-capital inland city.[1]

A university and cathedral city, Toowoomba hosts the Australian Carnival of Flowers each September, and Easterfest is held annually over the Easter weekend. There are more than 150 public parks and gardens in Toowoomba.[4] It has developed into a regional centre for business and government services. It is also the provincial capital of the Darling Downs.[4]

History[]

Main Street, Toowoomba, 1897

Main Street of Toowoomba in 1897.

Toowoomba's colonial history traces back to 1816 when English botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham arrived in Australia from Brazil and in June 1827 discovered 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of rich farming and grazing land, which became known as the Darling Downs,[5] bordered on the east by the Great Dividing Range and situated 100 miles (160 km) west of the settlement of Moreton Bay. Thirteen years later when George and Patrick Leslie established Toolburra Station 56 miles (90 km) south-west of Toowoomba the first settlers arrived on the Downs and established a township of bark-slab shops called The Springs which was soon renamed Drayton. Land for the town was first surveyed in 1849, then again in 1853.[6]

Towards the end of the 1840s Drayton had grown to the point where it had its own newspaper, general store, trading post and the Royal Bull's Head Inn, which was built by William Horton and still stands today. Horton is regarded as the true founder of Toowoomba, despite the fact that he was not the first man to live there. Drovers and wagon masters spread the news of the new settlement at Toowoomba. By 1858 Toowoomba was growing fast. It had a population of 700, three hotels and many stores. Land selling at £4 an acre (£988/km²) in 1850 was now £150 an acre (£37,000/km²). Governor Bowen granted the wish of locals and a new municipality was proclaimed on 24 November 1860.

The first town council election took place on 4 January 1861 and William Henry Groom won. The railway from Ipswich was opened in 1867, bringing with it business development.[4] In 1892, the Under Secretary of Public Land proclaimed Toowoomba and the surrounding areas as a township and in 1904 Toowoomba was declared a city. Pastoralism replaced agriculture and dairying by the 1900s.[4]

Toowoomba was named as Australia's Tidiest Town in 2008.[7]

Heritage listings[]

PicnicPointToowoomba

Picnic Point, Toowoomba

Toowoomba has many heritage-listed sites, with over fifty on the Queensland Heritage Register in addition to listings on other local heritage registers.

Geography[]

Toowoomba is situated on the crest of the Great Dividing Range, around 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level. A few streets are on the eastern side of the edge of the range, but most of the city is west of the divide.

The City occupies the edge of the range and the low ridges behind it. Two valleys run north from the southern boundary, each arising from springs either side of Middle Ridge near Spring Street at an altitude of around 680 m. These waterways, East Creek and West Creek flow together just north of the CBD to form Gowrie Creek.

Gowrie Creek drains to the west across the Darling Downs and is a tributary of the Condamine River, part of the Murray-Darling Basin. The water flowing down Gowrie Creek makes its way some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) to the mouth of the Murray River near Adelaide in South Australia. Rain which falls on the easternmost streets of Toowoomba flows east to Moreton Bay a distance of around 170 km (110 mi).

The rich volcanic soil in the region helps maintain the 150 public parks that are scattered across the city. Jacaranda, camphor laurel and plane trees line many of the city streets. The city's reputation as 'The Garden City' is highlighted during the Australian Carnival of Flowers festival held in September each year. Deciduous trees from around the world line many of the parks, giving a display of autumn colour.[8] This is particularly rare in Australia, as nearly the entire continent is forested with evergreens.

Suburbs[]

  • Blue Mountain Heights
  • Centenary Heights
  • Cotswold Hills
  • Cranley
  • Darling Heights
  • Drayton
  • East Toowoomba
  • Glenvale
  • Harlaxton
  • Harristown
  • Kearneys Spring
  • Middle Ridge

  • Mount Kynoch
  • Mount Lofty
  • Newtown
  • North Toowoomba
  • Prince Henry Heights
  • Rangeville
  • Redwood
  • Rockville
  • South Toowoomba
  • Toowoomba City
  • Wilsonton
  • Wyala

NEToowoomba
Magnify-clip
A panorama of Toowoomba looking south-west from Mount Lofty.

Architecture and heritage[]

StateLibQld 1 109396 St

St. James Church of England during construction in 1869

Toowoomba 2

View of Toowoomba's outer suburbs from Table Top Mountain

Toowoombagpo

Toowoomba Town Hall

Toowoomba's history has been preserved in its buildings. Examples of architecture drawing from the city's wealthy beginnings include Toowoomba City Hall which was Queensland's first purpose-built town hall,[4] the National Trust Royal Bull's Head Inn and many examples in the heritage-listed Russell Street. Immediately to the east of the CBD is the Caledonian Estate, an area of turn of the 20th century housing, ranging from humble workers cottages to large stately homes, in the classic wooden Queenslander style.[9]

Toowoomba is also home to The Empire Theatre, which was originally opened in June 1911, as a silent movie house. In February 1933, fire broke out, almost completely destroying the building.[10] However, the Empire was rebuilt and reopened in November 1933. The architectural styling of the new Empire Theatre was art deco, in keeping with the trend of the 1930s. After years of neglect, the Empire Theatre was extensively renovated in the late 1990s, but retains much of its art deco architecture and decorations,[10] especially the proscenium arch. Able to seat approximately 1,500 people, the Empire Theatre is now the largest regional theatre in Australia.[11]

The City also is home to the Cobb & Co Museum, hailing to the famous mail company's beginnings as a small mail run in the 1800s to transport mail and passengers to Brisbane and beyond. It also houses Australia's largest collection of horse-drawn vehicles. The museum has undergone a A$8 million redevelopment before reopening in September 2010.[12]

Climate[]

Toowoomba has a subtropical highland climate with warm summers and cool winters and it enjoys four distinct seasons.[13]

Daily maximum temperatures in Toowoomba average 27 °C (81 °F) in summer and 16 °C (61 °F) in winter.[14] According to the Bureau of Meteorology, the highest temperature ever recorded in Toowoomba was 39.3 °C (102.7 °F), while the lowest was −4.4 °C (24 °F). Winter temperatures seldom go below freezing; however in a situation unique among Queensland cities, snow has been reported on the higher parts of the city on rare occasions. Light frost will be experienced several nights each winter in the city centre, more often in the western suburbs.

Average annual rainfall, according to the Bureau of Meteorology, is 944 millimetres (37.2 in) in Toowoomba City.[14] Rainfall in the eastern suburbs along the Great Dividing Range nudges 1,000 mm (39 in) per year.

Climate data for Toowoomba
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 39.3
(102.7)
37.0
(98.6)
35.0
(95.0)
32.3
(90.1)
27.2
(81.0)
26.1
(79.0)
24.7
(76.5)
29.5
(85.1)
31.6
(88.9)
36.2
(97.2)
38.1
(100.6)
38.9
(102.0)
39.3
(102.7)
Average high °C (°F) 27.6
(81.7)
26.6
(79.9)
25.5
(77.9)
22.9
(73.2)
19.6
(67.3)
16.9
(62.4)
16.3
(61.3)
17.9
(64.2)
20.9
(69.6)
23.7
(74.7)
26.0
(78.8)
27.5
(81.5)
22.6
(72.7)
Average low °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1)
16.6
(61.9)
15.4
(59.7)
12.3
(54.1)
9.1
(48.4)
6.3
(43.3)
5.3
(41.5)
6.0
(42.8)
8.5
(47.3)
11.5
(52.7)
13.8
(56.8)
15.7
(60.3)
11.4
(52.5)
Record low °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0)
7.2
(45.0)
6.1
(43.0)
3.5
(38.3)
−1.8
(28.8)
−3.6
(25.5)
−4.4
(24.1)
−4.2
(24.4)
−0.4
(31.3)
1.9
(35.4)
3.8
(38.8)
7.4
(45.3)
−4.4
(24.1)
Precipitation mm (inches) 132.1
(5.201)
121.1
(4.768)
94.6
(3.724)
61.9
(2.437)
58.4
(2.299)
56.8
(2.236)
52.0
(2.047)
39.5
(1.555)
46.7
(1.839)
72.2
(2.843)
89.5
(3.524)
120.0
(4.724)
944.0
(37.165)
Avg. precipitation days 11.5 11.1 10.9 7.9 8.2 7.4 6.9 6.1 6.7 8.2 9.5 10.6 105.0
Source: [15]

On 10 January 2011 the city was hit by a massive flash flood causing damage to properties, infrastructure and resulting in the deaths of two people in the CBD. The flash flood, which has been called an "Inland Tsunami", has resulted in sixteen deaths in Toowoomba and the nearby Lockyer Valley, with 14 people still missing.[16][17][18]

Governance[]

Toowoomba is located in and is the seat of the Toowoomba Region local government area. The city is represented in the Parliament of Queensland by three seats: Toowoomba North, Toowoomba South and Condamine.In the Commonwealth Parliament, Toowoomba forms part of the Division of Groom, which is held by Ian MacFarlane for the Liberal National Party of Queensland. The current Mayor of Toowoomba is Mayor Paul Antonio.

Economy[]

The Australian Defence Force is also present in the local community, with the city providing housing and amenities for many of the personnel based at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre (in Oakey, 29 km (18 mi) NW of Toowoomba) and Borneo Barracks at Cabarlah to the city's North.

Economic growth potential in the region has been identified through retail, construction and the development of energy resources found in the Surat Basin and in food processing.[19]

Education[]

Toowoomba is a major education centre.

Primary[]

State

  • Darling Heights State School
  • Drayton State School is the oldest school in Toowoomba.
  • Fairview Heights State School
  • Gabbinbar State School
  • Glenvale State School
  • Harlaxton State School
  • Harristown State Primary School
  • Middle Ridge State School
  • Newtown State School
  • Rangeville State School
  • Rockville State School
  • Toowoomba East State School
  • Toowoomba North State School
  • Toowoomba South State School is the oldest school in Toowoomba proper.
  • Wilsonton State School
  • Wyreema State School

Private/religious

  • St Thomas More's School
  • Mater Dei
  • Toowoomba Preparatory School
  • Darling Downs Christian School
  • Christian Outreach College Toowoomba
  • Fairholme College
  • The Glennie School
  • Glenvale Christian School
  • Grammar Junior
  • Concordia Lutheran College (2 campuses)
  • St Anthony's Primary School Toowoomba
  • Sacred Heart School
  • Our Lady of Lourdes School
  • Toowoomba Christian College
  • Holy Name Catholic Primary School

Secondary[]

State high

  • Centenary Heights State High School
  • Clifford Park Special School
  • Harristown State High School
  • Toowoomba State High School (2 campuses)
  • Toowoomba Flexi School (annexe of Centenary Heights State High School)

Private/Religious

  • Christian Outreach College Christian co-educational school.
  • Concordia College'

  • Darling Downs Christian School
  • Downlands College independent Catholic Co-educational Day and Boarding school
  • Fairholme College a Presbyterian Church of Queensland school.
  • The Glennie School- Anglican day and boarding school
  • St Joseph's College
  • St Mary's College
  • St Saviour's, Toowoomba's oldest Catholic school
  • St Ursula's College Independent Catholic day and boarding school for girls
  • Toowoomba Christian College
  • Toowoomba Grammar School, independent grammar school (est.1875).

Tertiary[]

  • University of Southern Queensland
  • Southern Queensland Institute of TAFE (SQIT) has extensive campuses to the east of the CBD.
  • University of Queensland has a small centre in Toowoomba.

Culture[]

Festivals[]

Toowoombagardenfestival

The annual Flower Festival is a chance to show off Toowoomba's parks and gardens at their best

Toowoomba is nationally[20] renowned for the annual Carnival of Flowers, held each year in September. Many of the city's major parks and gardens are especially prepared for the carnival, including an important home garden competition and parade of flower floats. Buses bring people from around the nation,[21] and a popular way to arrive at the carnival from Brisbane is on chartered antique steam and diesel trains,[22] which captures the yester-year aspect of travel to Toowoomba with 19th-century wooden carriages.

In 1953 the Carnival of Flowers was the subject of a sponsored film produced by the Queensland Minister for Lands and Irrigation. The Carnival of Flowers depicts the floral parade, the home gardens competition and the crowning of the Floral Queen and is a wonderful portrait of life in 1950s Queensland.[23]

Toowoomba is also home to Easterfest which is held annually each Easter.

Food[]

Toowoomba is well served by a selection of restaurants, cafés and eateries throughout the city. Toowoomba also is home to the Weis Bar and possibly the Lamington.

Sport[]

Rugby league is a popular sport in Toowoomba. A team representing Toowoomba used to compete in the Bulimba Cup tournament. Toowoomba currently does not host a team in any of the major national competitions but was home to the Toowoomba Clydesdales in the Queensland Cup state league. Toowoomba also have a team in the Daily Telegraph Supercoach competition, Toowoomba Locusts, and are coached by Jacob Dunstan. The Clydesdales were the feeder team for Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League (NRL) from 1999 to 2006.[24] The Clysedales dropped out of the Queensland Cup after the 2006 season due to financial difficulties and are no longer a feeder club for the Brisbane Broncos.[25]

The city has a soccer club Toowoomba Raiders FC that plays in the Brisbane Premier League Division 1. The Garden City Raiders are the junior soccer club.

Australian rules football is played by four senior teams in the AFL Darling Downs competition: Coolaroo, Toowoomba Tigers, University of Southern Queensland and South Toowoomba. The sport has gained popularity amongst juniors with eleven clubs in the region. The four Senior Toowoomba clubs compete with five other clubs in towns such as Dalby, Gatton, Goondiwindi, Highfields and Warwick. In 2006, Brad Howard became the first draftee from Toowoomba to the Australian Football League.

Toowoomba has clubs for other sports including cricket (Toowoomba Cricket Inc), archery, swimming, tennis, softball, baseball, netball (Toowoomba Netball Association), hockey (Toowoomba Hockey Association), gridiron (Chargers) and basketball (Toowoomba Basketball Association). The city is also home of the Toowoomba Mountaineers Basketball Team, which participates in the Queensland Basketball League (QBL).

Toowoomba also shares two prestigious golf courses; Toowoomba Golf Club Middle Ridge, and Toowoomba City Golf Club. These two clubs, as well as several other clubs in the district, conduct an annual Pennant season. Each club take on each other in Match play and in several different divisions to be crowned the Pennant winners of the Year. City Golf Club also hosted the Queensland PGA Championships from 2009 to 2013.[26][27]

Sport at both junior and senior level in Toowoomba and surrounding areas is promoted by Sports Darling Downs, a non-profit organisation based in Toowoomba.

Toowoomba is home to Clifford Park Racecourse. Clifford Park Racecourse was acquired as a 160-acre (0.65 km2) block in 1861.

The Toowoomba Turf Club was formed in 1882 and the first recorded Toowoomba Cup was run in 1919. In 1992, the club made Australian racing history by staging the first race ever run under electric lights: the Fosters Toowoomba Cup, which was won by Waigani Drive. In 1996 the club staged the first night race meeting in Australia.[28]

Toowoomba has a number of rugby union teams, including University of Southern Queensland Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba Rangers Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba City Rugby Club, which compete in the Regional Rugby Union competition, against such teams as the Roma Echidnas, the Condamine Cods, the Dalby Wheatmen, the Goondiwindi Emus, the Warwick Water Rats and the University of Queensland Rugby Union Club (Gatton Campus).

Cycling is a popular sport in Toowoomba. The Tour of Toowoomba in 2010 became a round of the Subaru National Road Series and attracted 15 teams. A proposal to stage a National Road Series event in Toowoomba was first presented to the Toowoomba Cycling Club in late 2009 by John Osborne OAM, a lifelong cycling enthusiast. The inaugural FKG Tour of Toowoomba was won by Patrick Shaw riding for the Virgin Blue RBS Morgan team. Patrick was later named Cycling Australia's Road Cyclist of the Year – 2010.[29]

Notable people[]

StateLibQld 1 67691 Their Royal Highnesses, The Duke and Duchess of York, visit Toowoomba, 1927

Their Royal Highnesses, The Duke and Duchess of York, with Mayor James Douglas Annand in Toowoomba, 1927.

Media[]

Print[]

  • The Darling Downs Gazette (June 1858 to October 1922[30])
  • The Chronicle (since July 1861[31])
  • Darling Downs Star (July 1955 to September 2003[32])
  • Toowoomba's Mail (since September 2003[33])
  • Toowoomba Telegraph (October 2012[34] to July 2013[35])

Television[]

Toowoomba is serviced by three commercial national network stations and two national non-commercial network stations. These are Seven Queensland, Southern Cross Ten, WIN Television, ABC TV (ABC1) and SBS TV (SBS ONE).

Each broadcasts television services in digital format, analogue transmissions were deactivated on 6 December 2011.[36]

Of the three main commercial networks, WIN airs a 30-minute local news bulletin each weeknight from its Mount Lofty studios, where bulletins for the Mackay & Townsville regions also originate. Both Seven Queensland and Southern Cross Ten have offices in the city with short local news updates airing on Southern Cross Ten throughout the day.

Brisbane metropolitan commercial channels BTQ-7 (Seven Network), QTQ-9 (Nine Network) and TVQ-10 (Network Ten) broadcasting from transmission towers at Mount Coot-tha can also be received in some parts of Toowoomba.

Transport[]

There are suburban bus services operated by Bus Queensland (who took over from Garden City Sunbus) throughout the city. There are frequent inter-city bus services between Toowoomba and Brisbane, and other centres.[37]

Toowoomba is not included in TransLink, the Southeast Queensland integrated public transport system.

Toowoomba has a twice-weekly rail service from Brisbane to Charleville, Queensland and return on QR's Westlander.[38]

Toowoomba is criss-crossed by several railway lines that are largely unused, or used for freight, and idle railway stations can be found in the suburbs (including Ballard, Drayton, Harlaxton and Harristown), dating to when these localities were separate centres.

Toowoomba is served by Toowoomba Airport, which is used by the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the Darling Downs Aeroclub. There is also a jet-capable airport under construction on Toowoomba's outskirts, called Brisbane West Wellcamp Airport.

Health[]

Toowoomba is serviced by four hospitals: Toowoomba Base Hospital, which is a public hospital and one of the largest hospitals in regional Australia; a specialist psychiatric hospital called Baillie Henderson Hospital; and two private hospitals: St. Andrew's Toowoomba Hospital and St. Vincents Hospital. There is also the Toowoomba Hospice which is a community based private healthcare facility which provides palliative care to the terminally ill.

Water[]

Toowoomba's third water storage Cressbrook Dam was completed in 1983 and supplied water to Toowoomba in 1988. It has a full capacity of about 80,000 megalitres bringing total capacity of the three dams, Cooby, Perseverance, and Cressbrook, to 126,000 megalitres.[39][40][41]

The city also has underground supplies in fractured basalt of the rock unit known as the Main Range Volcanics. Toowoomba also sits above the eastern edge of the Great Artesian Basin and to the west underground water is available beneath unconsolidated alluvium.[42]

The average rainfall in the period 1998 to 2005 has been 30% below the long term average consistent with a prolonged drought and this trend continued through to spring of 2007. In mid-2005, the water situation for the city was becoming critical with water supply levels below 30%.[43] Environmental flows from Cressbrook Dam into Cressbrook Creek were allowed to cease as Toowoomba approached level five water restrictions.[43] During March 2006 the surface water storage in the dams fell below 25% of full capacity, falling even more to 12.8% as of 10 March 2008. The city's water supply was at an all time low of 7.7% in December 2009.[44]

The previous Toowoomba Mayor Dianne Thorley proposed a controversial potable re-use project under the Toowoomba Water Futures plan which would result in water reclaimed from the Wetalla Sewage Treatment Plant being returned to Cooby Dam to provide 25% of the potable water supply for Toowoomba. Other water supply options include importing water from Oakey Creek Groundwater Management Area (average TDS = 1660 mg/L), importing water from Condamine Groundwater Management Area (Average TDS = 740 mg/L), and water from coal seam gas production (TDS = 1200–4300 mg/L).[45]

On 29 July 2006 Toowoomba City Council conducted a poll of Toowoomba residents on the proposal to use this multi-barrier filtration system for filtering sewage for drinking purposes. The poll question was: "Do you support the addition of purified recycled water to Toowoomba’s water supply via Cooby Dam as proposed by Water Futures – Toowoomba?" 38% of voters supported the proposal and 62% opposed. This meant that despite dams reaching critical levels, the city rejected the use of recycled water in a plebiscite. Since the public rejection in 2006 of adding recycled sewage to the drinking water supply, water conservation measures have included harvesting stormwater for use in public parks and adding filtered groundwater to the town water supply.The city was under level 5 water restrictions as of 26 September 2006. This prohibits residents from using town water on their lawns, gardens or cars, and residents are strongly urged to cut down on water consumption.[46][47]

In 2007, the Toowoomba City Council commenced a bore drilling program to augment the dwindling dam supplies and constructed several subartesian bores across the city and one artesian bore at Wetalla in the city's north. Many of the subartesian bores provided potable water with a reliable yield and have been developed into production however the artesian bore's water quality was very poor, prohibiting development as a potable source. This was an expensive setback for the city as the cost was over A$2 million for drilling to over 700 metres. In January 2008, yield testing had been stalled due to the unavailability of appropriate pumping equipment. The Toowoomba Regional Council began supplementing the city's water supply with bore water from the Great Artesian Basin in September 2009.[48] Groundwater has become a significant contributor to the city's water supply needs and now constitutes one third of the total volume of water treated for reticulated supply (160 ML per week).[49]

The state government has built a $187 million pipeline from Wivenhoe Dam to Toowoomba. Water pumping along the 38 km pipeline to Cressbrook Dam began in January 2010.[50]

Sister cities[]

Toowoomba has sister city relations with three international cities: Wanganui, New Zealand; Takatsuki, Japan; and Paju, South Korea.[51]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2009–10: Population Estimates by Statistical District, 2001 to 2010". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 March 2011. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02009-10?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2 February 2012.  Estimated resident population (ERP) at 30 June 2010.
  2. ^ "Toowoomba". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041103.shtml. Retrieved 22 March 2013. 
  3. ^ "Toowoomba's home page". web page. toowoomba.org. 22 March 2013. http://www.toowoomba.org/. Retrieved 10 August 2010. 
  4. ^ a b c d e Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland) (2000). Heritage Trails of the Great South East. State of Queensland. pp. 74–76. ISBN 0-7345-1008-X. 
  5. ^ "Dictionary of Australian Biography Cl-Cu". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogCl-Cu.html#cunningham1. 
  6. ^ "History of the region". Toowoomba Regional Council. 14 May 2008. http://www.toowoombarc.qld.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102:history-of-the-region&catid=6:history&Itemid=18. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 
  7. ^ "Toowoomba – Australia's Tidiest Town 2008". Toowoomba Regional Council. http://www.toowoombarc.qld.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=752:toowoomba-australias-tidiest-town-2008&catid=6:history&Itemid=18. Retrieved 24 September 2010. 
  8. ^ "Toowoomba autumn tourism turns new leaf". ABC News Online (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 7 May 2002. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200205/s549344.htm. Retrieved 24 September 2010. 
  9. ^ http://www.petersnow.com.au/?pagecall=content&ContentTypeID=20951&MenuItemID=65742&subject=Local_Area
  10. ^ a b "Empire Theatre marks 95th anniversary". ABC News Online (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 28 June 2006. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1673602.htm. Retrieved 24 September 2010. 
  11. ^ Attractions in the region, March 2012, http://www.toowoombarc.qld.gov.au/our-region/tourism/attractions.html 
  12. ^ Peter Hackney (4 September 2010). "Cobb & Co Museum reopens". The Toowoomba Chronicle (APN News & Media). http://www.thechronicle.com.au/story/2010/09/04/cobb-co-museum-reopens/. Retrieved 24 September 2010. 
  13. ^ http://www.petersnow.com.au/?pagecall=content&ContentTypeID=20951&MenuItemID=65742&subject=Local_Area
  14. ^ a b "Climate statistics for Australian locations". Bureau of Meteorology. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041103.shtml. Retrieved 24 September 2010. 
  15. ^ "Climate statistics for Australian locations: Toowoomba". Bureau of Meteorology. July 2011. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041103_All.shtml. 
  16. ^ Atfield, Cameron (10 January 2011). "'Inland tsunami' devastates Queensland towns". Brisbane Times. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/environment/weather/inland-tsunami-devastates-queensland-towns-20110110-19kti.html. Retrieved 10 January 2011. 
  17. ^ "Flash flood death toll rises to 9". ABC News Online (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 11 January 2011. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/11/3110667.htm. Retrieved 11 January 2011. 
  18. ^ Police Release Names and photos of people still missing. Courier Mail. 16 January 2011.
  19. ^ "About Council: Economic development". Toowoomba Regional Council. http://www.toowoombarc.qld.gov.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=12&Itemid=24. Retrieved 24 September 2010. There are also plans to redevelop Toowoomba's major shopping centres; Grand Central and Gardentown together via a sky bridge.
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  32. ^ http://www.thechronicle.com.au/aboutus/
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  36. ^ Regional digital TV timetable, Australian Government
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  40. ^ http://www.toowoombarc.qld.gov.au/environment-and-waste/water-supply-and-dams/dams-a-bores/toowoomba-bulk-water/5310-perseverance-dam
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Further reading[]

Toowoomba as a Railway Centre, Knowles, J Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, January 1959 pp10–16

External links[]

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This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Toowoomba. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
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